Practical Handbook on the 3Rs in the Context of the Directive 2010/63/EU

The Directive 2010/63/EU firmly anchors the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) principles into European Legislation. The interpretation and the application of these principles pose some challenges from a number of factors. First, the rapidly changing global landscape makes it increasingly urgent to address gaps in traditional research, development, and manufacturing processes, especially where the translation of laboratory animal results to human studies has had a low success rate. Second, the widely diverse fields in which laboratory animals are used needs to be considered;