Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the presence of intracytoplasmic aggregates of α-synuclein (α-syn), named Lewy Bodies. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene are the most common cause of late-onset autosomal dominant PD, with the G2019S being the most prominent reported. LRRK2-related PD patients are clinically indistinguishable from idiopathic PD patients, and present an incomplete penetrance, a variable age of onset and a heterogeneous pattern of symptoms. Rodent models of LRRK2-associated PD lack a consistent parkinsonian phenotype, since in most studies they do not show overt neurodegeneration or deposition of pathological α-syn aggregates. Therefore, genetic and environmental factors influencing LRRK2 penetrance and expressivity are an appealing field of research which can provide new insights into the etiology of PD. The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the interaction between the LRRK2 G2019S mutation and other risk factors of PD, such as ageing, environmental toxins and α-syn. To achieve this goal, we employed LRRK2 G2019S Knock-in (KI) mice, carrying the mutant form of LRRK2 with the same levels of expression and brain distribution pattern of LRRK2 WT mice. We first sought to investigate the role of aging in the dysfunctions of the nigro-striatal transmission associated with LRRK2 G2019S. We reported that 12-month-old G2019S KI mice display increased levels of endogenous α-syn and its Serine129 phosphorylated form. Then, we aimed to investigate the interplay between G2019S LRRK2 and A53T α-syn during ageing. 3-month-old and 12-month-old G2019S KI mice were injected in SNc with a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) serotype 2/9 overexpressing the human A53T α-syn or green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the synapsin 1 promoter. We evaluated the motor phenotype and the neuropathology associated with α-syn overexpression and assessed microglia morphology as a gross marker of neuroinflammation. G2019S LRRK2 did not worsen α-synucleinopathy in 3-month-old G2019S KI mice, whether aged G2019S KI displayed a greater reduction of the number of SNc dopaminergic neurons and an increased number of Proteinase K-resistant α-syn aggregates. No impact of α-syn overexpression on microglia morphology was observed 3 months after virus injection. Furthermore, we investigated whether the increased LRRK2 kinase activity associated with the G2019S mutation alters the susceptibility to the parkinsonian neurotoxicant MPTP. Under a subacute protocol of administration, MPTP was given to 3-month-old WT mice, to mice constitutively lacking LRRK2, to mice expressing the kinase-dead mutation D1994S or the kinase enhancing mutation (G2019S KI). We found that the augmented kinase activity conferred by the LRRK2 G2019S mutation, increases mice susceptibility to MPTP, as shown by the greater number of nigro-striatal neuron degenerated after toxin administration and greater number of striatal microglial cells. We then proceeded to test the neuroprotective properties of two kinase inhibitors, i.e. PF-06447475 and MLi-2. Both compounds were able to rescue the increased susceptibility of G2019S KI mice to MPTP, although only MLi-2 was able to protect also striatal terminals. In striatum, only PF-06447475 was able to normalize the microglia number in in G2019S KI mice being MLi-2 ineffective. The present thesis provides novel information on the role of G2019S LRRK2 in experimental parkinsonism and possibly, PD etiopathogenesis, replicating in a genetic model of PD the positive interaction of LRRK2 G2019S mutation with genetic (α-syn), physiological (aging) or environmental (MPTP) risk factors in PD. This study confirms the neuroprotective potential of LRRK2 inhibitors, strengthening the view that the increased kinase activity associated with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation is required for LRRK2 toxicity.

La malattia di Parkinson (MP) è un disordine neurodegenerativo caratterizzato dalla perdita di neuroni dopaminergici nella Sostanza nera pars compacta (SNc) e dalla presenza di aggregati intracitoplasmatici di α-sinucleina (α-sin), definiti corpi di Lewy. Mutazioni a carico del gene LRRK2 sono la causa più comune di Parkinson autosomico dominante ad esordio tardivo, di cui la G2019S risulta essere la più comunemente riscontrata. Pazienti parkinsoniani LRRK2 sono clinicamente indistinguibili da pazienti idiopatici, con una penetranza incompleta, età d’esordio variabile e sintomi eterogenei. Modelli murini di LRRK2 mancano di un consistente fenotipo parkinsoniano, in quanto nella maggior parte degli studi non presentano una chiara neurodegenerazione o deposizione di aggrgati di α-sin. Dunque, fattori genetici e ambientali influenzano la penetranza ed espressione di LRRK2 sono un interessante campo di ricerca che può fornire nuovi spunti sull’eziologia della MP. L’obbiettivo principale di questa tesi è stato d’investigare l’interazione tra LRRK2 G2019S e altri fattori di rischio della MP, quali invecchiamento, tossine ambientali e α-sin. A tal scopo, abbiamo impiegato topi LRRK2 G2019S Knock-in (KI), esprimenti la forma mutata di LRRK2 a livelli e localizzazione cerebrali simili alla forma WT. Abbiamo cominciamo valutando il ruolo dell’età nelle disfunzioni nigro-striatali associate alla G2019S, riportando che topi KI di 12 mesi mostrano aumentati livelli di α-sin e della sua forma fosforilata alla Serina129. Dopodiché, ci siamo concentrati tra l’interazione tra G2019S LRRK2 e A53T α-sin nell’invecchiamento. Topi KI di 3 e 12 mesi d’età sono stati inoculati nella SNc con un AAV2/9 overesprimente α-sin A53T umana o GFP sotto il promotore della sinapsina I. Sono stati analizzati il fenotipo motorio, la neuropatologia indotta da α-sin e la morfologia microgliale come marker di neuroinfiammazione. Topi KI di 12 mesi, ma non di 3 mesi d’età, hanno mostrato una maggiore riduzione nel numero di neuroni dopaminergici della SNC ed un aumento nel numero di aggregati di α-sin resistenti alla Proteinasi K. Ad entrambe le età non si è evidenziato alcun impatto sulla morfologia microgliale dopo l’iniezione del virus. Successivamente, abbiamo valutato se l’aumento dell’attività chinasica di LRRK2 indotto dalla mutazione G2019S alteri la suscettibilità alla tossina parkinsoniana MPTP. MPTP è stato somministrato in subacuto a topi WT, topi privi di LRRK2, topi con la mutazione kinase-dead D1994S o la mutazione G2019S. È emerso che l’aumento dell’attività chinasica indotta da LRRK2 G2019S, aumenta la suscettibilità dei topi all’MPTP, dimostrata dalla maggiore perdita di neuroni dopaminergici nigrali e dal maggior numero di cellule microgliali striatali dopo la somministrazione della tossina. La somministrazione di due inibitori chinasici (PF-06447475 e MLi-2) sono stati capaci di revertire la maggiore suscettibilità dei topi KI all’MPTP, sebbene solo MLi-2 fosse in grado di salvaguardare le terminali dopaminergiche striatali. Nello striato, solo PF-06447475 è stato caapce di normalizzare il numero di cellule microgliali nei KI, mentre MLi-2 è risultato inefficace. Questa tesi fornisce informazioni riguardo il ruolo della mutazione G2019S di LRRK2 nel parkinsonismo sperimentale e, possibilmente, sulla patogenesi della MP, replicando in un modello di MP l’interazione tra la mutazione G2019S di LRRK2 con un fattore genetico (α-sin), fisiologico (invecchiamento) o ambientale (MPTP) nella MP. Questo studio conferma inoltre il potenziale neuroprotettivo degli inibitori di LRRK2, rafforzando l’idea che l’aumentata attività chinasica associata alla mutazione G2019S di LRRK2 sia fondamentale per la tossicità indotta da LRRK2

STUDY ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN LRRK2 G2019S MUTATION AND PARKINSONIAN RISK FACTORS

NOVELLO, Salvatore
2019

Abstract

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the presence of intracytoplasmic aggregates of α-synuclein (α-syn), named Lewy Bodies. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene are the most common cause of late-onset autosomal dominant PD, with the G2019S being the most prominent reported. LRRK2-related PD patients are clinically indistinguishable from idiopathic PD patients, and present an incomplete penetrance, a variable age of onset and a heterogeneous pattern of symptoms. Rodent models of LRRK2-associated PD lack a consistent parkinsonian phenotype, since in most studies they do not show overt neurodegeneration or deposition of pathological α-syn aggregates. Therefore, genetic and environmental factors influencing LRRK2 penetrance and expressivity are an appealing field of research which can provide new insights into the etiology of PD. The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the interaction between the LRRK2 G2019S mutation and other risk factors of PD, such as ageing, environmental toxins and α-syn. To achieve this goal, we employed LRRK2 G2019S Knock-in (KI) mice, carrying the mutant form of LRRK2 with the same levels of expression and brain distribution pattern of LRRK2 WT mice. We first sought to investigate the role of aging in the dysfunctions of the nigro-striatal transmission associated with LRRK2 G2019S. We reported that 12-month-old G2019S KI mice display increased levels of endogenous α-syn and its Serine129 phosphorylated form. Then, we aimed to investigate the interplay between G2019S LRRK2 and A53T α-syn during ageing. 3-month-old and 12-month-old G2019S KI mice were injected in SNc with a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) serotype 2/9 overexpressing the human A53T α-syn or green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the synapsin 1 promoter. We evaluated the motor phenotype and the neuropathology associated with α-syn overexpression and assessed microglia morphology as a gross marker of neuroinflammation. G2019S LRRK2 did not worsen α-synucleinopathy in 3-month-old G2019S KI mice, whether aged G2019S KI displayed a greater reduction of the number of SNc dopaminergic neurons and an increased number of Proteinase K-resistant α-syn aggregates. No impact of α-syn overexpression on microglia morphology was observed 3 months after virus injection. Furthermore, we investigated whether the increased LRRK2 kinase activity associated with the G2019S mutation alters the susceptibility to the parkinsonian neurotoxicant MPTP. Under a subacute protocol of administration, MPTP was given to 3-month-old WT mice, to mice constitutively lacking LRRK2, to mice expressing the kinase-dead mutation D1994S or the kinase enhancing mutation (G2019S KI). We found that the augmented kinase activity conferred by the LRRK2 G2019S mutation, increases mice susceptibility to MPTP, as shown by the greater number of nigro-striatal neuron degenerated after toxin administration and greater number of striatal microglial cells. We then proceeded to test the neuroprotective properties of two kinase inhibitors, i.e. PF-06447475 and MLi-2. Both compounds were able to rescue the increased susceptibility of G2019S KI mice to MPTP, although only MLi-2 was able to protect also striatal terminals. In striatum, only PF-06447475 was able to normalize the microglia number in in G2019S KI mice being MLi-2 ineffective. The present thesis provides novel information on the role of G2019S LRRK2 in experimental parkinsonism and possibly, PD etiopathogenesis, replicating in a genetic model of PD the positive interaction of LRRK2 G2019S mutation with genetic (α-syn), physiological (aging) or environmental (MPTP) risk factors in PD. This study confirms the neuroprotective potential of LRRK2 inhibitors, strengthening the view that the increased kinase activity associated with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation is required for LRRK2 toxicity.
MORARI, Michele
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2487952
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