Dyskinesia is probably the most debilitating side-effect elicited by L-DOPA therapy of Parkinson’s disease. Development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) reflects a process of sensitization to the drug, taking place in D1 receptor expressing striatonigral medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs), i.e. the so-called “direct pathway”, which leads to their abnormal overactivation in response to L-DOPA and dopamino-mimetics. In the present thesis, I used in vivo microdialysis combined to behavioural assessment in 6-OHDA hemilesioned rats and mice, i.e. validated rodent models of Parkinson’s disease, to investigate the involvement of striatonigral MSNs in the mechanisms of action of different antidyskinetic treatments. Specifically, I adopted a dual probe approach to investigate the dynamics of nigral GABA and striatal glutamate following the appearance of abnormal involuntary movements (the rodent correlate of dyskinesia) in response to the administration of L-DOPA in combination with pharmacologically active compounds targeted on serotonergic 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors, the mTORC1/Rhes complex and, lastly, cholinergic muscarinic receptors. In the first part, I investigated the mechanism of action of eltoprazine, a 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor mixed agonist, which has been proposed to inhibit LID appearance by reducing ectopic release of DA from striatal serotonergic terminals. I confirmed the acute and chronic antidyskinetic effects of this drug, proving in addition that eltoprazine prevented striatonigral MSNs sensitization. Moreover, contrary to what expected, I discovered that eltoprazine attenuated LID expression at a dose that simultaneously inhibited striatal glutamate but not striatal dopamine release, suggesting the involvement of 5-HT1A and/or 5- HT1B heteroreceptors rather than autoreceptors. In the second part, I investigated the role of mTORC1 and Rhes, two proteins that are along the non-canonical D1 signaling cascade, in the development and expression of LID. I showed that the antidyskinetic effect of rapamycin, a pharmacological inhibitor of mTORC1, could be replicated by genetic deletion of Rhes, a striatal upstream regulator of mTORC1. Moreover, I found that both approaches were successful in preventing the LID-associated rise of nigral GABA, although they differentially modulated striatal glutamate, suggesting differential effects on basal ganglia circuitry. Finally, in the third part I attempted to investigate the role of striatal cholinergic interneurons in LID expression, specifically targeting M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors, which are highly expressed in striatonigral MSNs. Here, I adopted a reverse dialysis approach to specifically target striatal muscarinic receptors, and minimize the issue of the poor pharmacological selectivity of muscarinic antagonists. Striatal perfusion of the M1 receptor preferential antagonist telenzepine, and the M4 receptor preferential antagonists PD-102807 and tropicamide, inhibited LID expression along with the rise of nigral GABA and striatal glutamate, indicating both receptor subtypes contribute to striatonigral MSNs overactivation underlying LID expression. Overall, this study confirms that serotonergic 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors, M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors, and the Rhes/mTORC1 complex represent promising targets in LID therapy. It shows that combined 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor stimulation, or M1/M4 and mTORC1 blockade share the ability of reducing both LID emergence and the rise in nigral GABA associated with it, providing an in vivo evidence for the crucial role of striatonigral MSNs in their mechanisms of action. Methodologically, microdialysis proved a useful tool for identifying the neurochemical correlates of LID, and shedding light on the mechanisms of action of antidyskinetic drugs.

Le discinesie sono probabilmente l’effetto collaterale più debilitante causato da L-DOPA nella terapia della malattia di Parkinson. Lo sviluppo delle discinesie indotte da L-DOPA (LID) riflettono un processo di sensitizzazione al farmaco che inizia dai recettori D1 espressi sui neuroni spinosi di taglia media (MSNs) striatonigrali, la cosidetta “via diretta”, la quale porta ad un’iperattivazione anomala in risposta alla L-DOPA e a farmaci dopamino-mimetici. Nel presente lavoro, ho impiegato la tecnica della microdialisi in vivo abbinata ada un’analisi comportamentale su topi e ratti emilesionati con 6-OHDA, un modello sperimentale validato, allo scopo di investigare il coinvolgimento della via diretta nei meccanismi d’azione di diversi trattamenti antidiscinetici. Nello specifico, mi sono avvalso di una doppia sonda per valutare il rilascio di GABA nigrale e glutammato striatale a seguito dell’espressione dei movimenti anomali involontari (AIMs, correlati animali delle discinesie) in risposta alla somministrazione di L-DOPA in combinazione con composti farmacologici attivi sui recettori serotoninergici 5-HT1 A/B, su MTORC1/Rhes e, infine, su recettori muscarinici. Nella prima parte, ho investigato il meccanismo d’azione di eltoprazina, un agonista misto 5-HT1 A/B, il quale si suppone agisca inibendo l’espressione delle LID tramite il blocco del rilascio ectopico di DA dai ternimanali serotoninergici striatali. Ho confermato sia l’effetto in acuto che in cronico, mostrando che eltoprazina previene la sensitizzazione della via striatonigrale. Inoltre, al contrario di quanto aspettato, ho scoperto che eltoprazina riduce le LID ad una dose che simultaneamente previene il rilascio di glutammato stritatale, ma non della DA striatale, suggerendo il coinvolgimento degli eterorecettori 5-HT 1A e/o 5-HT1 B piuttosto che degli autocettori. Nella seconda parte, ho investigato il ruolo di mTORC1 e di Rhes, due proteine presenti nella cascata di segnalazione connessa ai recettori D1, nell’espressione e nello sviluppo delle LID. Ho mostrato che l’effetto antidiscinetico di rapamicina, inibitore farmacologico di mTORC1, può essere replicato dalla delezione genetica di Rhes, un attivatore a monte di mTORC1. Inoltre ho trovato che entrambi gli approcci prevenivano con successo l’innalzamento dei livelli di GABA nigrale associate all’espressione delle LID, nonostante modulassero diversamente il rilascio di glutammato striatale. Infine, nella terza parte, ho investigato il ruolo degli interneuroni colinergici striatali nell’espressione delle LID, in modo particolare agendo sui recettori muscarinici M1 ed M4, altamente espressi nella via striatonigrale. In questo caso ho adottato la tecnica della microdialisi inversa, allo scopo di agire selettivamente sui recettori striatali e ridurre al massimo i problemi legati alla bassa selettività degli antagonisti muscarinici. La perfusione striatale di telenzepina, un antagonista preferenziale del recettore M1, PD-102807 e tropicamide, antagonisti preferenziali del recettore M4, hanno inibito con successo le LID e i correlati neurochimici (GABA nigrale e glutammato striatale), dimostrando la capacità di entrambi i sottotipi recettoriali di prevenire la iperattivazione della via diretta. Riassumendo, questo studio conferma che I recettori serotoninergici 5-HT1A e 5-HT1B, I recettori muscarinici M1 ed M4, e il complesso mTORC1/Rhes rappresentano dei target promettenti nella terapia delle LID. Mostra inoltre che la stimolazione combinata dei recettori 5-HT1A/B, o M1/M4 e il blocco di mTORC1 condividono l’abilità del ridurre l’insorgenza delle LID e l’innalzamento dei livelli di GABA nigrale, dimostrando in vivo il ruolo cruciale della via striatonigrale. A livello metodologico, la microdialisi si è dimostrata una tecnica molto utile all’identificazione dei processi neurochimici correlati alle LID.

Novel therapeutic targets in levodopa-induced dyskinesia: in vivo studies in rodent models of Parkinson’s disease

BRUGNOLI, Alberto
2017

Abstract

Dyskinesia is probably the most debilitating side-effect elicited by L-DOPA therapy of Parkinson’s disease. Development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) reflects a process of sensitization to the drug, taking place in D1 receptor expressing striatonigral medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs), i.e. the so-called “direct pathway”, which leads to their abnormal overactivation in response to L-DOPA and dopamino-mimetics. In the present thesis, I used in vivo microdialysis combined to behavioural assessment in 6-OHDA hemilesioned rats and mice, i.e. validated rodent models of Parkinson’s disease, to investigate the involvement of striatonigral MSNs in the mechanisms of action of different antidyskinetic treatments. Specifically, I adopted a dual probe approach to investigate the dynamics of nigral GABA and striatal glutamate following the appearance of abnormal involuntary movements (the rodent correlate of dyskinesia) in response to the administration of L-DOPA in combination with pharmacologically active compounds targeted on serotonergic 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors, the mTORC1/Rhes complex and, lastly, cholinergic muscarinic receptors. In the first part, I investigated the mechanism of action of eltoprazine, a 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor mixed agonist, which has been proposed to inhibit LID appearance by reducing ectopic release of DA from striatal serotonergic terminals. I confirmed the acute and chronic antidyskinetic effects of this drug, proving in addition that eltoprazine prevented striatonigral MSNs sensitization. Moreover, contrary to what expected, I discovered that eltoprazine attenuated LID expression at a dose that simultaneously inhibited striatal glutamate but not striatal dopamine release, suggesting the involvement of 5-HT1A and/or 5- HT1B heteroreceptors rather than autoreceptors. In the second part, I investigated the role of mTORC1 and Rhes, two proteins that are along the non-canonical D1 signaling cascade, in the development and expression of LID. I showed that the antidyskinetic effect of rapamycin, a pharmacological inhibitor of mTORC1, could be replicated by genetic deletion of Rhes, a striatal upstream regulator of mTORC1. Moreover, I found that both approaches were successful in preventing the LID-associated rise of nigral GABA, although they differentially modulated striatal glutamate, suggesting differential effects on basal ganglia circuitry. Finally, in the third part I attempted to investigate the role of striatal cholinergic interneurons in LID expression, specifically targeting M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors, which are highly expressed in striatonigral MSNs. Here, I adopted a reverse dialysis approach to specifically target striatal muscarinic receptors, and minimize the issue of the poor pharmacological selectivity of muscarinic antagonists. Striatal perfusion of the M1 receptor preferential antagonist telenzepine, and the M4 receptor preferential antagonists PD-102807 and tropicamide, inhibited LID expression along with the rise of nigral GABA and striatal glutamate, indicating both receptor subtypes contribute to striatonigral MSNs overactivation underlying LID expression. Overall, this study confirms that serotonergic 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors, M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors, and the Rhes/mTORC1 complex represent promising targets in LID therapy. It shows that combined 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor stimulation, or M1/M4 and mTORC1 blockade share the ability of reducing both LID emergence and the rise in nigral GABA associated with it, providing an in vivo evidence for the crucial role of striatonigral MSNs in their mechanisms of action. Methodologically, microdialysis proved a useful tool for identifying the neurochemical correlates of LID, and shedding light on the mechanisms of action of antidyskinetic drugs.
MORARI, Michele
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2487887
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