Clinical use of ozone therapy: a critical appraisal of evidence, safety, and methodological quality

Ozone therapy is frequently promoted as a versatile and minimally invasive medical intervention purported to exert a broad range of biological effects, including antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and regenerative actions. These claims have led to its application across diverse clinical domains, such as musculoskeletal disorders, dermatological conditions, chronic wounds, peripheral vascular disease, chronic inflammatory diseases, infectious pathologies, and, more recently, viral illnesses. In many private clinical settings, ozone therapy is presented as an adjunct or alternative to established treatments, sometimes accompanied by claims of efficacy that overstate the strength of the underlying evidence.