The research aims to assess the effectiveness of the payment system established under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), with particular attention to its capacity to support farmers’ income so that they can respond to emerging challenges related to food security and climate change. The analysis highlights the central role of the farmer, who is called upon to reconcile the functions of producer, entrepreneur, and environmental steward, assuming a collective responsibility ranging from climate change mitigation to ensuring food security. These expectations, however, confront the structural weaknesses of the agricultural sector, which is highly exposed to biological risks - stemming from its close interdependence with nature - and to economic risks linked to market volatility and income fragmentation. In this context, the need to ensure fair remuneration for farmers emerges strongly, in line with Article 39 TFEU. Against the backdrop of the growing crisis of confidence that has progressively undermined the perceived effectiveness of the CAP, the originality of this research lies in its evaluation of the rationale and potential of direct payments - complemented by market interventions and rural development measures - to constitute a “safety net” for agricultural income. This safety net is aimed not only at protecting producers from market instability but also at promoting a model of resilient, competitive, and remunerative agriculture capable of reconciling productivity and sustainability. The retrospective analysis of CAP reforms shows that the policy still does not appear capable of responding in a stable, predictable, and effective manner either to environmental needs or, above all, to farmers’ income requirements. While addressing the challenges of food security, the current policy seems to lack adequate incentives for the productive function of agriculture, leading to a weakening of the sector’s profitability and competitiveness, exacerbated by generational-renewal difficulties and the insufficiency of measures dedicated to young farmers. In light of these critical issues, there is a clear need to rethink the structure of direct payments and the burden of functions assigned to them, so that they may genuinely fulfil their original role of income support. In this context, growing concern for food insecurity has renewed the interest in coupled support, granted in relation to the type and quantity of production, not only as a potential emergency instrument but also as a payment linked to more ambitious environmental outcomes. However, any reintroduction of such instruments must be carefully calibrated in light of their economic and environmental implications, so as to avoid trade-distorting effects that may infringe the international obligations set out in the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. Regarding both fair income and environmental sustainability, increasing attention is being given to the integration of sustainability components into the activities of Producer Organisations (POs), which - at the level of competition law - are fundamental for European farmers as they aim to protect them within market and supply-chain dynamics. Finally, the study examines both the potential and the possible critical aspects of the Sustainability Agreements under Article 210a of Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013, with regard to environmental sustainability and the objectives of Article 39 TFEU. In parallel, achieving more ambitious environmental results and ensuring genuinely sustainable growth require strengthening rural development instruments, which remain the only tools capable of structurally supporting investments that enhance the competitiveness of rural areas.
Il lavoro si propone di valutare l’efficacia del sistema dei pagamenti previsto nell’ambito della Politica Agricola Comune (PAC), con particolare attenzione alla capacità di sostenere il reddito degli agricoltori affinché possano reagire ralle sfide emergenti legate alla sicurezza alimentare e al cambiamento climatico. L’analisi evidenzia il ruolo centrale dell’agricoltore, chiamato a conciliare la propria funzione di produttore, imprenditore e custode dell’ambiente, assumendo una responsabilità collettiva che lo impegna dalla mitigazione del cambiamento climatico alla garanzia di food security. Tali aspettative, tuttavia, si confrontano con le criticità strutturali del settore agricolo, fortemente esposto a rischi biologici, derivanti dalla stretta interdipendenza con la natura, e economici, connessi alla volatilità dei mercati e alla frammentazione del reddito. In tale contesto, emerge con forza la necessità di assicurare una giusta remunerazione agli agricoltori, in coerenza con quanto sancito dall’art. 39 TFUE. A fronte della crisi di fiducia che ha progressivamente minato la percezione dell’efficacia della PAC, l’originalità del presente lavoro risiede nella valutazione delle ragioni e delle potenzialità dei pagamenti diretti – sostenuti in modo complementare dagli interventi di mercato e dalle misure del Secondo pilastro – nel costituire una “rete di sicurezza” per il reddito agricolo, volta non solo a tutelare il produttore dalle instabilità del mercato, ma anche a promuovere un modello di agricoltura resiliente, competitiva e remunerativa, capace di conciliare produttività e sostenibilità. L’analisi retrospettiva delle riforme della PAC mostra come la PAC non appare ancora in grado di rispondere in modo stabile, prevedibile ed efficace né alle esigenze ambientali né, soprattutto, a quelle reddituali degli agricoltori. Pur raccogliendo la sfida della food security, la politica attuale sembra mancare di un adeguato incentivo alla funzione produttiva dell’agricoltura, determinando un indebolimento della redditività e della competitività del settore, aggravato anche dalle difficoltà di ricambio generazionale e dall’insufficienza delle misure dedicate ai giovani agricoltori. Alla luce di tali criticità, emerge la necessità di ripensare la struttura dei pagamenti diretti e il carico di funzioni loro attribuito, affinché possano realmente assolvere al ruolo originario di sostegno al reddito. In questo contesto, la crescente preoccupazione per l’insicurezza alimentare ha riacceso l’interesse verso il sostegno accoppiato, erogato in relazione alla tipologia e alla quantità della produzione, non solo come possibile strumento d’emergenza, ma anche come pagamento connesso risultati ambientali più ambiziosi. Sul piano sia della garanzia del reddito equo quanto della sostenibilità ambientale, viene valorizzata la crescente integrazione della componente sostenibile nelle attività delle Organizzazioni dei produttori (OP), le quali sul piano della disciplina della concorrenza sono fondamentali per gli agricoltori europei poiché mirano a tutelare l’agricoltore nelle dinamiche di mercato e di filiera. In ultimo, viene approfondito sia il potenziale sia i possibili aspetti critici degli Accordi di sostenibilità ex art. 210 bis del reg. (UE) 1308/2013, in merito alla sostenibilità ambientale e agli obiettivi dell’art. 39 TFUE. Parallelamente, il conseguimento di risultati ambientali più ambiziosi e l’esigenza di una crescita realmente sostenibile richiedono il rafforzamento degli strumenti di sviluppo rurale.
Una “nuova” PAC, fra disaccoppiamento degli aiuti, emergenze climatiche e strategie dell’UE per la sostenibilità: i problemi giuridici posti dalle nuove esigenze di food security
CICCONE, MARIASSUNTA
2026
Abstract
The research aims to assess the effectiveness of the payment system established under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), with particular attention to its capacity to support farmers’ income so that they can respond to emerging challenges related to food security and climate change. The analysis highlights the central role of the farmer, who is called upon to reconcile the functions of producer, entrepreneur, and environmental steward, assuming a collective responsibility ranging from climate change mitigation to ensuring food security. These expectations, however, confront the structural weaknesses of the agricultural sector, which is highly exposed to biological risks - stemming from its close interdependence with nature - and to economic risks linked to market volatility and income fragmentation. In this context, the need to ensure fair remuneration for farmers emerges strongly, in line with Article 39 TFEU. Against the backdrop of the growing crisis of confidence that has progressively undermined the perceived effectiveness of the CAP, the originality of this research lies in its evaluation of the rationale and potential of direct payments - complemented by market interventions and rural development measures - to constitute a “safety net” for agricultural income. This safety net is aimed not only at protecting producers from market instability but also at promoting a model of resilient, competitive, and remunerative agriculture capable of reconciling productivity and sustainability. The retrospective analysis of CAP reforms shows that the policy still does not appear capable of responding in a stable, predictable, and effective manner either to environmental needs or, above all, to farmers’ income requirements. While addressing the challenges of food security, the current policy seems to lack adequate incentives for the productive function of agriculture, leading to a weakening of the sector’s profitability and competitiveness, exacerbated by generational-renewal difficulties and the insufficiency of measures dedicated to young farmers. In light of these critical issues, there is a clear need to rethink the structure of direct payments and the burden of functions assigned to them, so that they may genuinely fulfil their original role of income support. In this context, growing concern for food insecurity has renewed the interest in coupled support, granted in relation to the type and quantity of production, not only as a potential emergency instrument but also as a payment linked to more ambitious environmental outcomes. However, any reintroduction of such instruments must be carefully calibrated in light of their economic and environmental implications, so as to avoid trade-distorting effects that may infringe the international obligations set out in the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. Regarding both fair income and environmental sustainability, increasing attention is being given to the integration of sustainability components into the activities of Producer Organisations (POs), which - at the level of competition law - are fundamental for European farmers as they aim to protect them within market and supply-chain dynamics. Finally, the study examines both the potential and the possible critical aspects of the Sustainability Agreements under Article 210a of Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013, with regard to environmental sustainability and the objectives of Article 39 TFEU. In parallel, achieving more ambitious environmental results and ensuring genuinely sustainable growth require strengthening rural development instruments, which remain the only tools capable of structurally supporting investments that enhance the competitiveness of rural areas.I documenti in SFERA sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


