Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The prognosis for advanced HCC is poor. Despite recent therapeutic advances, life expectancy remains limited due to the aggressive nature of the disease, often late diagnosis, and insufficient efficacy of available therapies. In addition, the presence of comorbidities, such as liver cirrhosis, and primary or acquired resistance to systemic treatments contribute to the poor prognosis. The biological heterogeneity of HCC and variability in therapeutic responses make clinical management of patients complex, underscoring the importance of developing a more efficient personalized treatment approach. Several studies have shown that alterations in the expression and function of proteins involved in cellular metabolism may represent new potential therapeutic targets. In this thesis, based on evidence regarding mechanisms of resistance, we tested the combination of SR9009, a synthetic chemical compound agonist of the nuclear receptor REV-ERBα/β, with sorafenib in in vitro and in vivo models of liver cancer. In both murine and human cell lines derived from liver tumors, SR9009 as a single agent produced cytotoxic effects only at high concentrations. In contrast, SR9009 demonstrated the ability to act synergistically with sorafenib, significantly enhancing its cytotoxic effects in vitro. We have also shown that the increased efficacy of the combination treatment, compared with the use of sorafenib alone, can be attributed to the complete inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. In vivo xenograft-based studies have confirmed the increased efficacy of combination treatment even in sorafenib-resistant cells. In addition, the antitumor effect of combination therapy on primary tumors developed in TG221 mice treated with DENA was tested. The treatment resulted in a reduction of tumor lesion volume in more than 90% of cases, showing significant improvement over sorafenib as a single agent. The combined treatment was well tolerated, and no obvious acute toxic effects were observed. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the action of sorafenib can be enhanced by combination therapy with SR9009. The combination acts against metabolic dependence, mitochondrial respiration in our case, which cancer cells activate in response to sorafenib as a survival mechanism. The combination of molecularly targeted drugs with drugs directed against metabolic dependencies opens new perspectives for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancer.

Il carcinoma epatocellulare (HCC) è la sesta neoplasia più comune e la terza causa di morte per cancro al mondo. La prognosi per HCC in stadio avanzato è sfavorevole. Nonostante i recenti progressi terapeutici, l’aspettativa di vita rimane bassa a causa della natura aggressiva della malattia, della diagnosi spesso tardiva e dell’efficacia insufficiente delle terapie disponibili. Inoltre, la presenza di comorbidità, come la cirrosi epatica, e le resistenze primarie o acquisite ai trattamenti sistemici contribuiscono alla prognosi infausta. L’eterogeneità biologica dell’HCC e la variabilità delle risposte terapeutiche rendono complessa la gestione clinica dei pazienti, sottolineando l’importanza dello sviluppo di un approccio terapeutico personalizzato più efficiente. Diversi studi hanno dimostrato che alterazioni nell’espressione e nella funzione delle proteine coinvolte nel metabolismo cellulare possono rappresentare nuovi potenziali bersagli terapeutici. In questa tesi, sulla base di evidenze riguardanti meccanismi di resistenza, abbiamo testato la combinazione di SR9009, composto chimico sintetico agonista del recettore nucleare REV-ERBα/β, con sorafenib, in modelli in vitro ed in vivo di carcinoma epatico. In linee cellulari sia murine che umane derivate da tumori epatici, SR9009 come agente singolo ha prodotto effetti citotossici solo a concentrazioni elevate. Al contrario, SR9009 ha dimostrato la capacità di agire in sinergia con sorafenib, potenziandone in modo significativo gli effetti citotossici in vitro. Abbiamo anche dimostrato che l’aumentata efficacia del trattamento combinato, rispetto all’uso del singolo sorafenib, è da ricondurre alla completa inibizione della fosforilazione ossidativa mitocondriale. Studi in vivo basati su xenotrapianti hanno confermato l’aumento di efficacia del trattamento combinato anche in cellule resistenti al sorafenib. Inoltre, è stato testato l’effetto antitumorale della terapia combinata su tumori primari sviluppati in topi TG221 trattati con DENA (N-Nitrosodietilammina, #N0756, Sigma-Aldrich). Il trattamento ha portato alla riduzione del volume delle lesioni tumorali in oltre il 90% dei casi, evidenziando un miglioramento significativo rispetto al sorafenib come agente singolo. Il trattamento combinato è stato ben tollerato e non sono stati osservati effetti tossici acuti evidenti. In conclusione, abbiamo dimostrato che l’azione del sorafenib può essere potenziata da una terapia combinata con SR9009. La combinazione agisce contro una dipendenza metabolica, la respirazione mitocondriale nel nostro caso, che le cellule tumorali attivano in risposta a sorafenib come meccanismo di sopravvivenza. La combinazione di farmaci a bersaglio molecolare con farmaci diretti contro dipendenze metaboliche apre nuove prospettive per lo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche più efficaci nel trattamento del cancro.

Attività sinergica di sorafenib e SR9009 contro cellule di epatocarcinoma umano e murino: studi in vitro ed in vivo

MICHILLI, ANGELO
2025

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The prognosis for advanced HCC is poor. Despite recent therapeutic advances, life expectancy remains limited due to the aggressive nature of the disease, often late diagnosis, and insufficient efficacy of available therapies. In addition, the presence of comorbidities, such as liver cirrhosis, and primary or acquired resistance to systemic treatments contribute to the poor prognosis. The biological heterogeneity of HCC and variability in therapeutic responses make clinical management of patients complex, underscoring the importance of developing a more efficient personalized treatment approach. Several studies have shown that alterations in the expression and function of proteins involved in cellular metabolism may represent new potential therapeutic targets. In this thesis, based on evidence regarding mechanisms of resistance, we tested the combination of SR9009, a synthetic chemical compound agonist of the nuclear receptor REV-ERBα/β, with sorafenib in in vitro and in vivo models of liver cancer. In both murine and human cell lines derived from liver tumors, SR9009 as a single agent produced cytotoxic effects only at high concentrations. In contrast, SR9009 demonstrated the ability to act synergistically with sorafenib, significantly enhancing its cytotoxic effects in vitro. We have also shown that the increased efficacy of the combination treatment, compared with the use of sorafenib alone, can be attributed to the complete inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. In vivo xenograft-based studies have confirmed the increased efficacy of combination treatment even in sorafenib-resistant cells. In addition, the antitumor effect of combination therapy on primary tumors developed in TG221 mice treated with DENA was tested. The treatment resulted in a reduction of tumor lesion volume in more than 90% of cases, showing significant improvement over sorafenib as a single agent. The combined treatment was well tolerated, and no obvious acute toxic effects were observed. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the action of sorafenib can be enhanced by combination therapy with SR9009. The combination acts against metabolic dependence, mitochondrial respiration in our case, which cancer cells activate in response to sorafenib as a survival mechanism. The combination of molecularly targeted drugs with drugs directed against metabolic dependencies opens new perspectives for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancer.
SABBIONI, Silvia
PINTON, Paolo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2585833
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