The building sector plays a crucial role in the transition towards a more sustainable future, due to its significant impact on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. According to the European Commission, buildings alone account for 40% of global energy consumption, thus representing one of the greatest opportunities to reduce resource use. This underscores the necessity of a coordinated effort among researchers, policymakers, industry stakeholders, and end users to enhance energy performance and mitigate the environmental impacts inherent to the sector. Research and development of new technologies have approached this topic, providing innovative solutions such as the concept of near-Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) and Zero-Emission Buildings (ZEB). While these solutions aim to improve energy efficiency, they also bring attention to the issue of shifting environmental impacts from the operational phase to the embodied phase, highlighting the need to consider not only energy consumption during building use but also the emissions associated with material production, construction, and end-of-life. For this reason, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has gained increasing legislative importance in the analysis of building sustainability. This approach evaluates environmental impacts across all phases of a building’s life, from design to demolition, providing a comprehensive view of carbon emissions, resource consumption, and environmental impacts. The thesis analyses two different case studies of nZEB public sports buildings, evaluating their energy performance, environmental impact, and economic burden under different scenarios. The analysis is based on three main variables: primary energy requirements, carbon footprint, and life cycle cost. The results were explored both in a reference scenario, corresponding to the actual design state, and in scenarios involving different insulation materials, use of construction materials with various recycled content, and different end-of-life options. The results obtained were compared with state-of-the-art approaches, providing actionable recommendations for enhancing the sustainability and energy performance of future buildings. The aim is to answer the following questions: How can recycled materials, envelope insulation, and end-of-life strategies be integrated into a methodological protocol to improve energy efficiency and reduce the environmental impact of nZEB buildings? How can LCA be applied to improve the sustainable design and management of nZEB buildings? What strategies can be adopted to reduce the overall environmental impact of nZEB buildings? What is the relationship between costs and emissions throughout the life cycle of buildings? Based on the findings from the case study analysis, the thesis proposes a framework for assessing the performance of new buildings, addressing future challenges such as stricter environmental regulations, increased energy efficiency demands, and material sustainability. The findings of this research can guide decision-making for designing more environmentally sustainable buildings, contributing to the reduction of carbon emissions in the building sector.

Il settore edilizio svolge un ruolo cruciale nella transizione verso un futuro più sostenibile, a causa del suo significativo impatto sul consumo energetico e sulle emissioni di gas serra. Secondo la Commissione Europea, gli edifici da soli rappresentano il 40% del consumo energetico globale, costituendo così una delle maggiori opportunità per ridurre l’uso delle risorse. Questo evidenzia la necessità di un impegno coordinato tra ricercatori, decisori politici, operatori del settore e utenti finali per migliorare le prestazioni energetiche e mitigare gli impatti ambientali intrinseci al settore. La ricerca e lo sviluppo di nuove tecnologie hanno affrontato questo tema, proponendo soluzioni innovative come il concetto di edifici a energia quasi zero (nZEB) e edifici a emissioni zero (ZEB). Sebbene queste soluzioni mirino a migliorare l’efficienza energetica, pongono anche l’attenzione sulla questione dello spostamento degli impatti ambientali dalla fase operativa alla fase incorporata, sottolineando la necessità di considerare non solo il consumo energetico durante l’uso dell’edificio, ma anche le emissioni associate alla produzione dei materiali, alla costruzione e alla fine del ciclo di vita. Per questa ragione, l’Analisi del Ciclo di Vita (LCA) ha acquisito un’importanza crescente a livello normativo nell’analisi della sostenibilità degli edifici. Questo approccio consente di valutare gli impatti ambientali lungo tutte le fasi del ciclo di vita di un edificio, dalla progettazione alla demolizione, fornendo una visione complessiva delle emissioni di carbonio, del consumo di risorse e degli impatti ambientali. Questa tesi analizza due diversi casi studio di edifici sportivi pubblici nZEB, valutandone le prestazioni energetiche, l’impatto ambientale e l’onere economico in diversi scenari. L’analisi si basa su tre principali variabili: il fabbisogno di energia primaria, la carbon footprint e il costo del ciclo di vita. I risultati sono stati esplorati sia in uno scenario di riferimento, corrispondente allo stato progettuale effettivo, sia in scenari che prevedono l’impiego di diversi materiali isolanti, l’uso di materiali da costruzione con differenti percentuali di contenuto riciclato e diverse opzioni di fine vita. I risultati ottenuti sono stati confrontati con approcci allo stato dell’arte, fornendo raccomandazioni concrete per migliorare la sostenibilità e le prestazioni energetiche degli edifici futuri. L’obiettivo è rispondere alle seguenti domande: In che modo materiali riciclati, isolamento dell’involucro e strategie di fine vita possono essere integrati in un protocollo metodologico per migliorare l’efficienza energetica e ridurre l’impatto ambientale degli edifici nZEB? Come può essere applicata l’LCA per migliorare la progettazione e la gestione sostenibile degli edifici nZEB? Quali strategie possono essere adottate per ridurre l’impatto ambientale complessivo degli edifici nZEB? Qual è la relazione tra costi ed emissioni lungo il ciclo di vita degli edifici? Sulla base dei risultati dell’analisi dei casi studio, la tesi propone un quadro di riferimento per la valutazione delle prestazioni dei nuovi edifici, affrontando le sfide future come normative ambientali più stringenti, crescenti richieste di efficienza energetica e sostenibilità dei materiali. I risultati di questa ricerca possono guidare i processi decisionali per la progettazione di edifici più sostenibili dal punto di vista ambientale, contribuendo alla riduzione delle emissioni di carbonio nel settore edilizio.

Framework for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of nZEB Buildings: A Critical Evaluation with a Focus on Insulation, Recycled Materials and End-of-Life Scenarios

MARCAZZANI, AGNESE
2025

Abstract

The building sector plays a crucial role in the transition towards a more sustainable future, due to its significant impact on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. According to the European Commission, buildings alone account for 40% of global energy consumption, thus representing one of the greatest opportunities to reduce resource use. This underscores the necessity of a coordinated effort among researchers, policymakers, industry stakeholders, and end users to enhance energy performance and mitigate the environmental impacts inherent to the sector. Research and development of new technologies have approached this topic, providing innovative solutions such as the concept of near-Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) and Zero-Emission Buildings (ZEB). While these solutions aim to improve energy efficiency, they also bring attention to the issue of shifting environmental impacts from the operational phase to the embodied phase, highlighting the need to consider not only energy consumption during building use but also the emissions associated with material production, construction, and end-of-life. For this reason, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has gained increasing legislative importance in the analysis of building sustainability. This approach evaluates environmental impacts across all phases of a building’s life, from design to demolition, providing a comprehensive view of carbon emissions, resource consumption, and environmental impacts. The thesis analyses two different case studies of nZEB public sports buildings, evaluating their energy performance, environmental impact, and economic burden under different scenarios. The analysis is based on three main variables: primary energy requirements, carbon footprint, and life cycle cost. The results were explored both in a reference scenario, corresponding to the actual design state, and in scenarios involving different insulation materials, use of construction materials with various recycled content, and different end-of-life options. The results obtained were compared with state-of-the-art approaches, providing actionable recommendations for enhancing the sustainability and energy performance of future buildings. The aim is to answer the following questions: How can recycled materials, envelope insulation, and end-of-life strategies be integrated into a methodological protocol to improve energy efficiency and reduce the environmental impact of nZEB buildings? How can LCA be applied to improve the sustainable design and management of nZEB buildings? What strategies can be adopted to reduce the overall environmental impact of nZEB buildings? What is the relationship between costs and emissions throughout the life cycle of buildings? Based on the findings from the case study analysis, the thesis proposes a framework for assessing the performance of new buildings, addressing future challenges such as stricter environmental regulations, increased energy efficiency demands, and material sustainability. The findings of this research can guide decision-making for designing more environmentally sustainable buildings, contributing to the reduction of carbon emissions in the building sector.
FAUSTI, Patrizio
TRILLO, Stefano
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Descrizione: Framework for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of nZEB Buildings: A Critical Evaluation with a Focus on Insulation, Recycled Materials and End-of-Life Scenarios
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2585770
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