The thesis provides an in-depth analysis of the persistent discrimination, ethnic violence, persecution, extermination, and eventual genocide faced by the Rohingya minority in Myanmar's Rakhine state. It also delves into the forced migration of Rohingya people to Bangladesh and the subsequent humanitarian crises in the refugee camp in Cox’s Bazar. During their time in the camp, the Rohingya refugees encountered numerous challenges, particularly related to host and refugee integration and environmental issues. The core research question of the thesis revolves around comprehending the statelessness and genocide of the Rohingyas in Myanmar in conjunction with the socio-economic and environmental changes in the host country. Both refugees and hosts have experienced socio-economic and environmental hardships. As a result, achieving socio-economic and environmental sustainability in the camp area is a significant challenge. The primary focus of the thesis is to explore pathways towards achieving socio-economic and environmental sustainability. The thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter explores the historical exclusion of the Rohingya people in Myanmar. The second chapter examines the issues surrounding the Rohingya and refugees from theoretical and legal perspectives, emphasizing environmental connections. Chapter three delves into the genocide perpetrated against the Rohingya in Myanmar. The fourth chapter analyzes the socioeconomic and environmental relationships between refugees and local communities, while the final chapter addresses the environmental challenges refugees and locals face each year. The findings of the thesis highlighted the enduring vulnerabilities faced by the Rohingya minority in both Myanmar and Bangladesh. Through content analysis, the thesis demonstrated that the Rohingya community has endured prolonged discrimination, ethnic violence, persecution, and genocide in Myanmar. The violence that occurred in 2017 lasted for several weeks and killed at least 24 000 Rohingyas, raped thousands of women, and torched uncountable Rohingya houses. Around 700,000 Rohingya fled to Bangladesh to escape from the violence, which the UN termed as genocide. The empirical data collected from the refugee camp showed that Rohingyas were the victims of mass genocide, gang rape, and arson. There were harrowing accounts of deaths by fire, shootings, stabbings, burnings, beatings, asphyxia, kidnapping, rape and sexual violence. The UN Fact-finding mission found instances of genocide, extermination, and rape in the Rakhine state during the Clearance operation in 2017. Moreover, Rohingyas and host communities have been experiencing tremendous socioeconomic and environmental crises in the camp area. The crises that have resulted in the camp area are market instability, cultivable land decline, pollution, deforestation, water and sanitation crisis, law and order failure, and drug use. Rohingya and host communities also experience and suffer from both natural and artificial disasters that endanger their lives and security. Our data showed that every year, many refugees die, get injured, and are displaced due to natural disasters, some of which are severe and deadly. Despite numerous organizational and governmental attempts to improve environmental security for the communities, our data suggests that the improvements are not noticeable. Developing a comprehensive and long-term strategy, such as engaging refugees and locals in social, economic, and environmental activities to foster socio-economic and environmental sustainability, is crucial. Development agencies and stakeholders should collaborate to facilitate sustainable coexistence and afforestation in the camp area. Authorities and support groups should implement adequate measures to prevent potential disaster crises and ensure the environmental sustainability of the communities.

La tesi fornisce un'analisi approfondita della discriminazione persistente, della violenza etnica, della persecuzione, dello sterminio e del genocidio affrontati dalla minoranza Rohingya nello stato di Rakhine in Myanmar. La tesi si addentra anche nella migrazione forzata del popolo Rohingya in Bangladesh e nelle successive crisi umanitarie nel campo profughi di Cox Bazar. Durante la loro permanenza nel campo, i rifugiati hanno incontrato numerose sfide, in particolare relative all'integrazione tra comunità ospitante e rifugiati e a questioni ambientali. La domanda di ricerca principale della tesi ruota attorno alla comprensione dell'apolidia e del genocidio dei Rohingya in Myanmar in concomitanza con i cambiamenti socio-economici e ambientali nel paese ospitante. Sia i rifugiati e sia la comunità ospitante hanno sperimentato difficoltà socioeconomiche e ambientali. Di conseguenza, raggiungere la sostenibilità socio-economica e ambientale nell'area del campo rappresenta una sfida significativa. L'obiettivo principale della tesi è esplorare percorsi verso il raggiungimento della sostenibilità socio-economica e ambientale. I risultati della tesi hanno evidenziato le vulnerabilità prolungate affrontate dalla minoranza Rohingya sia in Myanmar che in Bangladesh. Attraverso l'analisi dei contenuti, la tesi ha dimostrato che la comunità Rohingya ha sopportato discriminazioni prolungate, violenza etnica, persecuzione e genocidio in Myanmar. La violenza del 2017 durò diverse settimane e almeno 24.000 Rohingya furono uccisi, migliaia di donne furono violentate e innumerevoli case Rohingya furono incendiate. Circa 700.000 Rohingya sono fuggiti in Bangladesh per sfuggire alla violenza, che l'ONU ha definito genocidio. I dati empirici raccolti dal campo profughi hanno mostrato che i Rohingya sono stati vittime di genocidio di massa, stupri di gruppo e incendi dolosi. Ci sono stati resoconti strazianti di morti per fuoco, sparatorie, accoltellamenti, ustioni, percosse, asfissia, rapimenti, stupri e violenza sessuale. La missione di accertamento dei fatti delle Nazioni Unite ha trovato casi di genocidio, sterminio e stupro nello stato di Rakhine durante l'operazione di bonifica nel 2017. Inoltre, i Rohingya e le comunità ospitanti hanno vissuto tremende crisi socioeconomiche e ambientali nell'area del campo. Le crisi che hanno causato l'area del campo sono instabilità del mercato, declino delle terre coltivabili, inquinamento, deforestazione, crisi idrica e igienico-sanitaria, fallimento della legge e dell'ordine e uso di droghe. I Rohingya e le comunità ospitanti sperimentano e soffrono anche di disastri naturali e artificiali che mettono a repentaglio le loro vite e la loro sicurezza. I nostri dati hanno mostrato che ogni anno molti rifugiati muoiono, si feriscono e vengono sfollati a causa di calamità naturali, alcune delle quali sono gravi e mortali. Nonostante i numerosi tentativi organizzativi e governativi di migliorare la sicurezza ambientale per le comunità, i nostri dati suggeriscono che i miglioramenti non sono evidenti. È fondamentale sviluppare una strategia completa e a lungo termine per promuovere la sostenibilità socioeconomica e ambientale per i residenti locali e i rifugiati. Le agenzie di sviluppo e le parti interessate dovrebbero collaborare per facilitare la coesistenza sostenibile e l'imboschimento nell'area del campo. Le autorità e i gruppi di supporto dovrebbero mettere in atto misure adeguate per prevenire potenziali crisi di calamità e garantire la sostenibilità ambientale delle comunità.

Refugees and Environmental Sustainability: The Case of Rohingya Inflow from Myanmar to Bangladesh

MOHIUDDIN, MOHAMMAD
2025

Abstract

The thesis provides an in-depth analysis of the persistent discrimination, ethnic violence, persecution, extermination, and eventual genocide faced by the Rohingya minority in Myanmar's Rakhine state. It also delves into the forced migration of Rohingya people to Bangladesh and the subsequent humanitarian crises in the refugee camp in Cox’s Bazar. During their time in the camp, the Rohingya refugees encountered numerous challenges, particularly related to host and refugee integration and environmental issues. The core research question of the thesis revolves around comprehending the statelessness and genocide of the Rohingyas in Myanmar in conjunction with the socio-economic and environmental changes in the host country. Both refugees and hosts have experienced socio-economic and environmental hardships. As a result, achieving socio-economic and environmental sustainability in the camp area is a significant challenge. The primary focus of the thesis is to explore pathways towards achieving socio-economic and environmental sustainability. The thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter explores the historical exclusion of the Rohingya people in Myanmar. The second chapter examines the issues surrounding the Rohingya and refugees from theoretical and legal perspectives, emphasizing environmental connections. Chapter three delves into the genocide perpetrated against the Rohingya in Myanmar. The fourth chapter analyzes the socioeconomic and environmental relationships between refugees and local communities, while the final chapter addresses the environmental challenges refugees and locals face each year. The findings of the thesis highlighted the enduring vulnerabilities faced by the Rohingya minority in both Myanmar and Bangladesh. Through content analysis, the thesis demonstrated that the Rohingya community has endured prolonged discrimination, ethnic violence, persecution, and genocide in Myanmar. The violence that occurred in 2017 lasted for several weeks and killed at least 24 000 Rohingyas, raped thousands of women, and torched uncountable Rohingya houses. Around 700,000 Rohingya fled to Bangladesh to escape from the violence, which the UN termed as genocide. The empirical data collected from the refugee camp showed that Rohingyas were the victims of mass genocide, gang rape, and arson. There were harrowing accounts of deaths by fire, shootings, stabbings, burnings, beatings, asphyxia, kidnapping, rape and sexual violence. The UN Fact-finding mission found instances of genocide, extermination, and rape in the Rakhine state during the Clearance operation in 2017. Moreover, Rohingyas and host communities have been experiencing tremendous socioeconomic and environmental crises in the camp area. The crises that have resulted in the camp area are market instability, cultivable land decline, pollution, deforestation, water and sanitation crisis, law and order failure, and drug use. Rohingya and host communities also experience and suffer from both natural and artificial disasters that endanger their lives and security. Our data showed that every year, many refugees die, get injured, and are displaced due to natural disasters, some of which are severe and deadly. Despite numerous organizational and governmental attempts to improve environmental security for the communities, our data suggests that the improvements are not noticeable. Developing a comprehensive and long-term strategy, such as engaging refugees and locals in social, economic, and environmental activities to foster socio-economic and environmental sustainability, is crucial. Development agencies and stakeholders should collaborate to facilitate sustainable coexistence and afforestation in the camp area. Authorities and support groups should implement adequate measures to prevent potential disaster crises and ensure the environmental sustainability of the communities.
VISINTIN, Emilio Paolo
SCANDURRA, Giuseppe
SPINOZZI, Paola
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2584700
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