The interest in Italian preventive confiscation, now regulated by Article 24 of Legislative Decree no. 159 of 6 September 2011 (the so-called anti-mafia code), can now be said to be transversal. In the domestic dimension, it is sufficient to look at the continuous expansion of the legislative framework following its introduction. This aspect, coupled with the fact that its imposition – which disregards the ascertainment of the culpability of the proposed offender with regard to the commission of offences – appears facilitated to the extent that it is based on non-exhaustively typified conduct, symptomatic of the likelihood of the commission of future criminal conducts. At the supranational level, therefore, and especially at the European level, the need for judicial cooperation between Member States has long been felt, with the main aim of setting up a system for the abduction of illicit assets that is as efficient as possible within the European area of freedom, security and justice, a strategic key to combating the phenomenon of the illicit accumulation of assets resulting from the rapid development, also on an international scale, of organised crime. In this scenario, the Regulation (EU) 2018/1805 on the mutual recognition of (seizure and) confiscation orders and the recent Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on asset recovery and confiscation, dated 25 May 2022, fit in. Indeed, the latter, while mainly aimed at strengthening the powers of national offices in charge of asset recovery and coordination, contains a significant number of provisions aimed at harmonising new forms of confiscation of criminal assets, even in the absence of a conviction. The aim of this work is to analyse the critical issues involving 'anti-mafia confiscation' from the perspective of mutual recognition, given the persistence of a number of doubts as to the possibility of bringing the ablative institution in question, the criminal nature of which has always been stubbornly excluded, within the scope of application of at least the aforementioned European Regulation. In fact, although this aims to ensure the mutual recognition also of forms of non-conviction-based confiscation not covered by the previous Directive 2014/42/EU, the requirement, expressed in recitals 13 and 18 of the Regulation, that confiscation orders be issued in "proceedings in criminal matters" respecting the "essential guarantees applicable to criminal proceedings" – expressions taken from the proposed Directive – ends up by considering that the discipline of preventive confiscation is not in line with the guarantee standards required at European level.
L’interesse per la confisca di prevenzione italiana, oggi disciplinata all’art. 24 d.lgs. 6 settembre 2011, n. 159 (cd. codice antimafia), può dirsi ormai trasversale. Nella dimensione domestica, basti guardare al continuo ampliamento della cornice legislativa seguito alla sua introduzione, e la cui irrogazione – che può prescindere dall’accertamento della colpevolezza del proposto in ordine alla commissione di fatti di reato – appare facilitata nella misura in cui si fonda su comportamenti non esaustivamente tipizzati, sintomatici della probabilità della commissione di future condotte illecite. A livello sovranazionale, quindi, e specialmente nella sede europea, da tempo si è avvertita la necessità di una cooperazione giudiziaria tra gli Stati membri al fine precipuo di predisporre un sistema di ablazione dei patrimoni illeciti il più possibile efficiente nell’ambito dello spazio europeo di libertà, sicurezza e giustizia, chiave strategica per il contrasto del fenomeno dell’illecita accumulazione di patrimoni derivante dal rapido sviluppo, anche su scala internazionale, della criminalità organizzata. In questo scenario, si inseriscono, da ultimo, il Regolamento (UE) 2018/1805 sul mutuo riconoscimento dei provvedimenti (di sequestro e) di confisca e la recente Proposta di Direttiva del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio riguardante il recupero e la confisca dei beni, datata 25 maggio 2022, la quale, se principalmente orientata a rafforzare i poteri degli uffici nazionali deputati al recupero e al coordinamento dei bei beni, contiene un significativo numero di disposizioni volte ad armonizzare nuove forme di confisca di beni di derivazione criminale, pure in assenza di condanna. Il lavoro si prefigge l’obiettivo di analizzare le criticità che coinvolgono la “confisca antimafia” nell’ottica del mutuo riconoscimento, stante il permanere di una serie di dubbi in ordine alla possibilità di ricondurre l’istituto ablatorio in questione, la cui natura penale è sempre stata pervicacemente esclusa, nell’ambito di applicazione almeno del Regolamento europeo citato. Invero, sebbene questo si proponga di garantire il reciproco riconoscimento anche di forme di non-conviction-based confiscation non contemplate dalla precedente Dir. 2014/42/UE, l’esigenza, espressa dai considerando 13 e 18 Reg., che i provvedimenti di confisca siano emessi nell’ambito di “un procedimento in materia penale” rispettoso delle “garanzie essenziali applicabili ai procedimenti penali” – espressioni riprese dalla Proposta di Direttiva – finisce per far ritenere la disciplina della confisca di prevenzione non in linea con gli standard garantistici richiesti a livello europeo.
LA CONFISCA DI PREVENZIONE TRA ESIGENZE DI POLITICA CRIMINALE E RISPETTO DEI DIRITTI FONDAMENTALI: LA DISCIPLINA INTERNA AL VAGLIO DELLE FONTI SOVRANAZIONALI
PINCELLI, Linda
2024
Abstract
The interest in Italian preventive confiscation, now regulated by Article 24 of Legislative Decree no. 159 of 6 September 2011 (the so-called anti-mafia code), can now be said to be transversal. In the domestic dimension, it is sufficient to look at the continuous expansion of the legislative framework following its introduction. This aspect, coupled with the fact that its imposition – which disregards the ascertainment of the culpability of the proposed offender with regard to the commission of offences – appears facilitated to the extent that it is based on non-exhaustively typified conduct, symptomatic of the likelihood of the commission of future criminal conducts. At the supranational level, therefore, and especially at the European level, the need for judicial cooperation between Member States has long been felt, with the main aim of setting up a system for the abduction of illicit assets that is as efficient as possible within the European area of freedom, security and justice, a strategic key to combating the phenomenon of the illicit accumulation of assets resulting from the rapid development, also on an international scale, of organised crime. In this scenario, the Regulation (EU) 2018/1805 on the mutual recognition of (seizure and) confiscation orders and the recent Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on asset recovery and confiscation, dated 25 May 2022, fit in. Indeed, the latter, while mainly aimed at strengthening the powers of national offices in charge of asset recovery and coordination, contains a significant number of provisions aimed at harmonising new forms of confiscation of criminal assets, even in the absence of a conviction. The aim of this work is to analyse the critical issues involving 'anti-mafia confiscation' from the perspective of mutual recognition, given the persistence of a number of doubts as to the possibility of bringing the ablative institution in question, the criminal nature of which has always been stubbornly excluded, within the scope of application of at least the aforementioned European Regulation. In fact, although this aims to ensure the mutual recognition also of forms of non-conviction-based confiscation not covered by the previous Directive 2014/42/EU, the requirement, expressed in recitals 13 and 18 of the Regulation, that confiscation orders be issued in "proceedings in criminal matters" respecting the "essential guarantees applicable to criminal proceedings" – expressions taken from the proposed Directive – ends up by considering that the discipline of preventive confiscation is not in line with the guarantee standards required at European level.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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