The prevalence of Dementia Diseases (DD) is closely related to the world demographic dynamics. Epidemiological data shows that about one million Italians are affected by various type of DD, thus confirming the great clinical and social relevance of this topic. In therapeutic terms, the remarkable beneficial effects of medical cannabis use in limiting the development of many neurodegenerative disorders both in animal and human models, suggest that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may underline the umbrella of DD physiopathology. Despite this, the negative effects induced by acute and chronic cannabinoids intake on neurocognitive performance (i.e., learning, attention and working memory; deficits in verbal skills, visual recognition, a delay in visual recall, and short- and long-range prospective memory tasks) is still to be elucidated. In addition, in a current contest of emergency of illegal drugs world’s market, with cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids (SCBS) that represent two of the most sought and sold abuse substances among regular users in Europe, the need for an early identification of their long-term toxicological potential is evident. Therefore, focusing on the SCBS potential abuse and the possible consequences of their use on the ECS, the present PhD project investigates whether their sub-chronic use, even if for a short period of life (as young/adults), may be a factor in the pathogenesis of DD and if ECS dysregulation may be specific to various DD subtypes. In particular, a series of pre-clinical pilot studies have analysed the potential correlation between in vivo symptoms and possible dysregulation of the ECS following prolonged administration of a specific substance at the effective dose tested. For this purpose, a group of mice (aged between 3/4 months) have been treated with JWH-018 (6 mg/kg, i.p.) for seven consecutive days (for a total of 7 injections) followed by a wash-out period. Animals have been then sacrificed for the collection of tissue and blood samples, in which the main two endocannabinoid have been quantified: the N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and the 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). The tests performed, after defined wash-out periods - first study (i): 3 days; second study (ii): 15 days; third study (iii): 53 days - yielded the following results: (i) short-term alteration of sensory, sensory-motor, physiological and motor responses; increased analgesia and acinesia; suspected development of tolerance; (ii) variation of sensory gating; transient facilitation of spontaneous motor activity with onset of characteristically stereotypical attitudes (circular movement of the mouse on themselves) and anxiogenic; reduced CB1 receptor density in the hippocampus; alteration of AEA and 2-AG levels, and their degrading enzymes (FAAH and MAGL) in the striatum; (iii) long-term variation of sensory gating; depressive-like behavior; impairment of working memory; reduced sociability; increased plasmatic concentration of 2-AG. Lastly, a clinical trial was conducted using blood samples of patients with different types of dementia (Alzheimer’s, mixed and Mild Cognitive Impairment - MCI) and subjects with normal cognitive functions. From the results obtained, a trend of increasing AEA concentrations (expressed as the area below the curve) is shown and varies according to the specific DD form taken into account, confirming what has been obtained in preclinical studies. In conclusion, the results of this PhD project show that repeated treatment with JWH-018, also as a result of prolonged wash-out periods, causes cognitive impairment, depressive-like behaviour and social avoidance, potentially related to the behavioural and psychological symptoms of the MCI that typically precedes the development of specific DD.
La diffusione della Demenza senile è strettamente correlata alle dinamiche demografiche mondiali. I dati epidemiologici mostrano che circa un milione di italiani sono affetti da vari tipologie di Demenza (DD), confermando così la grande rilevanza clinica e sociale di questo argomento. In termini terapeutici, i recenti riconosciuti effetti benefici dell’uso di cannabis nel rallentamento dello sviluppo di molti disturbi neurodegenerativi, sia in modello animale che umano, suggeriscono che il sistema endocannabinoide (ECS) potrebbe in qualche modo essere coinvolto nella fisiopatologia della DD. Tuttavia, gli effetti negativi acuti e cronici indotti dall'assunzione di cannabinoidi sulle prestazioni neurocognitive (per esempio per quanto concerne l'apprendimento, l'attenzione e la memoria di lavoro; deficit nelle abilità verbali, il riconoscimento visivo, e l’attività di memoria prospettica a breve e lungo termine) sono ancora da chiarire. Inoltre, in un contesto d’emergenza mondiale di vendita illegale di sostanze stupefacenti come quello odierno, in cui cannabis e cannabinoidi sintetici (SCBS) rappresentano due tra le principali sostanze d’abuso maggiormente ricercate tra gli utilizzatori abituali in tutta Europa, risulta evidente la necessità di un’imminente individuazione delle loro potenzialità tossicologiche a lungo termine. Pertanto, soffermandosi proprio sul potenziale d’abuso dei SCBS e le possibili conseguenze del loro utilizzo sul ECS, nel presente progetto di Dottorato di Ricarca, si è verificato se il loro utilizzo sub-cronico, anche se per un breve periodo nell’arco della vita (da giovani-adulti), possa rappresentare una concausa nella fisiopatogenesi della demenza senile e se la disregolazione del ECS sia specifica nei vari sottotipi della patologia. In particolare, sono stati avviati una serie di studi pilota preclinici che hanno permesso di individuare se, alla dose efficace testata, vi sia correlazione tra i sintomi manifestati in vivo ed eventuale disregolazione del sistema ECS a seguito della somministrazione protratta di una specifica sostanza. A tal fine, un gruppo di topi (di età compresa tra i 3 e i 4 mesi) è stato trattato con JWH-018 (6 mg/Kg, i.p.) per sette giorni consecutivi (per un totale di 7 iniezioni) seguito da un periodo di riposo (wash-out). Gli animali sono stati poi sacrificati per la raccolta e quantificazione in campioni di sangue e tessuti, dei livelli dei due endocannabinoidi principali: l’acido arachidonoiletanolammide (AEA) e il 2-arachidonoilglicerolo (2-AG). I test eseguiti, dopo periodi di wash-out definiti - primo studio (i): 3 giorni; secondo studio (ii): 15 giorni; terzo studio (iii): 53 giorni – hanno permesso di ottenere i seguenti risultati: (i) alterazione a breve termine delle risposte sensoriali, sensori-motorie, fisiologiche e motorie; incrementata analgesia e acinesia; sospetto sviluppo di tolleranza; (ii) variazione del gating sensoriale; transitoria facilitazione dell'attività motoria spontanea con insorgenza di atteggiamenti tipicamente stereotipici (movimenti su piastra in senso orario) e ansiogeni; ridotta densità recettoriale CB1 nell’ippocampo; alterazione dei livelli di AEA e 2-AG, e dei loro enzimi degradanti (FAAH e MAGL) nello striato; (iii) variazione a lungo termine del gating sensoriale; comportamento depressivo-simile; danneggiamento della memoria di lavoro; ridotta socievolezza; aumentata concentrazione plasmatica di 2-AG. Successivamente agli studi preclinici, ha seguito la valutazione clinica di campioni di pazienti affetti da differenti tipologie di demenza (Alzheimer, mista e Mild Cognitive Impairment o MCI). Questi, sono stati confrontati con campioni di soggetti con funzioni cognitive nella norma.
Variazioni delle risposte neuro-comportamentali e della trasmissione degli endocannabinoidi nei topi dopo la somministrazione ripetuta di JWH-018: sviluppo di un modello in vivo di demenza e correlazione cliniche.
TIRRI, MICAELA
2024
Abstract
The prevalence of Dementia Diseases (DD) is closely related to the world demographic dynamics. Epidemiological data shows that about one million Italians are affected by various type of DD, thus confirming the great clinical and social relevance of this topic. In therapeutic terms, the remarkable beneficial effects of medical cannabis use in limiting the development of many neurodegenerative disorders both in animal and human models, suggest that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may underline the umbrella of DD physiopathology. Despite this, the negative effects induced by acute and chronic cannabinoids intake on neurocognitive performance (i.e., learning, attention and working memory; deficits in verbal skills, visual recognition, a delay in visual recall, and short- and long-range prospective memory tasks) is still to be elucidated. In addition, in a current contest of emergency of illegal drugs world’s market, with cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids (SCBS) that represent two of the most sought and sold abuse substances among regular users in Europe, the need for an early identification of their long-term toxicological potential is evident. Therefore, focusing on the SCBS potential abuse and the possible consequences of their use on the ECS, the present PhD project investigates whether their sub-chronic use, even if for a short period of life (as young/adults), may be a factor in the pathogenesis of DD and if ECS dysregulation may be specific to various DD subtypes. In particular, a series of pre-clinical pilot studies have analysed the potential correlation between in vivo symptoms and possible dysregulation of the ECS following prolonged administration of a specific substance at the effective dose tested. For this purpose, a group of mice (aged between 3/4 months) have been treated with JWH-018 (6 mg/kg, i.p.) for seven consecutive days (for a total of 7 injections) followed by a wash-out period. Animals have been then sacrificed for the collection of tissue and blood samples, in which the main two endocannabinoid have been quantified: the N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and the 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). The tests performed, after defined wash-out periods - first study (i): 3 days; second study (ii): 15 days; third study (iii): 53 days - yielded the following results: (i) short-term alteration of sensory, sensory-motor, physiological and motor responses; increased analgesia and acinesia; suspected development of tolerance; (ii) variation of sensory gating; transient facilitation of spontaneous motor activity with onset of characteristically stereotypical attitudes (circular movement of the mouse on themselves) and anxiogenic; reduced CB1 receptor density in the hippocampus; alteration of AEA and 2-AG levels, and their degrading enzymes (FAAH and MAGL) in the striatum; (iii) long-term variation of sensory gating; depressive-like behavior; impairment of working memory; reduced sociability; increased plasmatic concentration of 2-AG. Lastly, a clinical trial was conducted using blood samples of patients with different types of dementia (Alzheimer’s, mixed and Mild Cognitive Impairment - MCI) and subjects with normal cognitive functions. From the results obtained, a trend of increasing AEA concentrations (expressed as the area below the curve) is shown and varies according to the specific DD form taken into account, confirming what has been obtained in preclinical studies. In conclusion, the results of this PhD project show that repeated treatment with JWH-018, also as a result of prolonged wash-out periods, causes cognitive impairment, depressive-like behaviour and social avoidance, potentially related to the behavioural and psychological symptoms of the MCI that typically precedes the development of specific DD.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Tesi Dottorato Tirri Micaela
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