Since 1986, notably with the well renown Les Verts judgment, the EU’s integrated system of judicial protection – which aims at the (challenging) balancing operation between an effective judicial protection for the individuals, stemming by art. 47 EUCfr, an efficient decentralized administration and the unity and uniformity of EU law as a whole – entails, as one of its basic pillars, the principle of judicial revision of EU acts. Not even judicial (or quasi-judicial) decisions, which are meant to firstly perform that very revision, seem to have been able to escape this principle. Therefore, the fundamental assumption which this manuscript starts from states that relation mechanisms – namely the ones regulating the relationships between different institutions or organs – offer a privileged perspective to lead an enquiry into the integrated system of judicial protection. This same assumption pushes the presented manuscript towards the study of three different procedural tools, all deeply intertwined. First, it’s inevitable to start with the appeal procedure against decisions of the General Court (the so-called pourvoi, in the CJEU’s francophone language), which stems out as the most relevant revision mechanism since the creation of the previously named Court of First Instance, in 1989. The appeal’s regulating provisions, from art. 256 TFEU to the Court’s Statute and Rules of Procedure, are characterised by a high degree of technical complexity and, what’s even more relevant, can be viewed as the result of subsequent developments originated by the Court’s case law, only later on received by the legislator. An in-depth analysis of this mechanism aims, first, at a better understanding of the very nature of the appeal procedure (whether a “supreme court style” review or a full new appreciation of the case) and, as of a consequence, at driving some more general conclusions regarding the roles occupied by the Court of Justice and the General Court in the EU legal order. Second, a peculiar attention needs to be granted to the review performed by the General Court over decisions adopted by EU agencies’ boards of appeal. These bodies embody, from many points of view, one of the frontiers currently to be explored about the EU’s legal order, especially because, while still having the nature of administrative (or, at least, not completely judicial) bodies, they still are able and entitled to perform a first-level scrutiny onto fully administrative decision-makers, and they create the need for the EU judges to adapt their own type of judicial scrutiny. Finally, a merging perspective between the aforementioned procedural mechanisms is offered by the filtering procedure pursuant to art. 58a of the Statute. It’s a well-established knowledge that this tool aims at filtering the appeals raised in front of the Court of Justice, when they challenge decisions adopted by the General Court as an appeal judge itself over boards of appeal’s decisions. What’s really at the core of this manuscript is to lead a deep study of the Court’ case law regarding this procedural mechanism, and to imagine some possible developments as well, in line with the challenges that the EU’s system of judicial protection will be confronted with in the near and further future.

Soprattutto a partire dal 1986, con la nota sentenza Les Verts, il sistema integrato di tutela giurisdizionale dell’Unione – il quale ambisce al (difficile) bilanciamento tra la garanzia di una tutela giurisdizionale effettiva ai privati, ex art. 47 della Carta, l’efficienza dell’accresciuta struttura amministrativa decentrata e l’uniformità interpretativa e applicativa del diritto “comunitario” – contempla, come uno dei suoi cardini, il principio del controllo giurisdizionale degli atti di diritto dell’Unione, principio al quale sembra non siano potute sfuggire nemmeno le stesse decisioni giurisdizionali (o para-giurisdizionali) che quel controllo sono deputate a operare in prima battuta. Per questa ragione, l’assunto fondamentale dal quale prende avvio il presente lavoro è quello per cui i meccanismi relazionali – quelli, vale a dire, che disciplinano i rapporti (principalmente di revisione e verifica delle decisioni) tra differenti istanze e organi – offrano una prospettiva privilegiata per l’indagine del sistema integrato di tutela giurisdizionale. Siffatto assunto di base conduce lo studio presentato in questo elaborato verso la disamina approfondita di tre strumenti processuali, tra loro intimamente connessi. In primo luogo, è impossibile prescindere dallo studio del pourvoi, il giudizio di impugnazione delle pronunce del Tribunale dinanzi alla Corte di giustizia, che è il meccanismo di controllo “per eccellenza” fin dall’istituzione dell’istanza “di primo grado”, nel 1989. La disciplina di questo strumento, che dall’art. 256 TFUE discende, a cascata, nello Statuto della Corte e nel regolamento di procedura di quest’ultima, è caratterizzata da un elevato grado di tecnica processuale e, soprattutto, è il risultato della stratificazione di evoluzioni spesso indotte, prima, dalla giurisprudenza della Corte stessa e, solo in seguito, codificate dal legislatore dell’Unione. Lo studio attento di tale disciplina mira, anzitutto, al tentativo di comprendere se il pourvoi si avvicini, per tipologia di controllo effettuato, più a un giudizio “cassazionista” o a un vero e proprio secondo grado di apprezzamento della controversia e, di conseguenza, a trarre da queste considerazioni alcune conclusioni di natura più generale, specialmente con riguardo al ruolo che il Tribunale e la Corte occupano all’interno del panorama istituzionale dell’Unione. In secondo luogo, un’attenzione particolare deve essere concessa al giudizio di impugnazione, dinanzi al Tribunale, delle decisioni adottate dalle commissioni di ricorso delle agenzie. Questi ultimi organi rappresentano, per molti versi, una delle “frontiere” dell’ordinamento dell’Unione poiché, pur qualificandosi come organi sostanzialmente amministrativi (o, comunque, non del tutto giurisdizionali), operano un primo controllo di legalità sull’attività degli organi amministrativi decentrati e generano, in capo al giudice dell’Unione, la necessità ineludibile di adattare anche il proprio modello di controllo, i cui classici canoni di “revisione di legittimità” possono, talvolta, risultare inadatti. Infine, un ruolo di “cerniera” tra i due strumenti appena menzionati è svolto, ad oggi, dal procedimento di ammissione preventiva delle impugnazioni, disciplinato all’art. 58 bis dello Statuto. È noto, infatti, che tale meccanismo processuale si occupa di “filtrare” i pourvois dinanzi alla Corte, qualora si tratti di pronunce del Tribunale che, a loro volta, rendevano un’impugnazione sulle decisioni delle commissioni di ricorso. Ciò che interessa, nel presente lavoro, è una ricognizione attenta della prassi giurisprudenziale relativa a tale “filtro”, nonché la possibilità di ipotizzarne delle evoluzioni future che sospingano il sistema di tutela giurisdizionale dell’Unione verso un’architettura coerente e più adatta alle sfide poste dagli sviluppi dell’ordinamento nel suo complesso.

Evoluzione, funzionamento e ruolo del pourvoi nell'architettura giurisdizionale dell'Unione europea

TORRESAN, RICCARDO
2024

Abstract

Since 1986, notably with the well renown Les Verts judgment, the EU’s integrated system of judicial protection – which aims at the (challenging) balancing operation between an effective judicial protection for the individuals, stemming by art. 47 EUCfr, an efficient decentralized administration and the unity and uniformity of EU law as a whole – entails, as one of its basic pillars, the principle of judicial revision of EU acts. Not even judicial (or quasi-judicial) decisions, which are meant to firstly perform that very revision, seem to have been able to escape this principle. Therefore, the fundamental assumption which this manuscript starts from states that relation mechanisms – namely the ones regulating the relationships between different institutions or organs – offer a privileged perspective to lead an enquiry into the integrated system of judicial protection. This same assumption pushes the presented manuscript towards the study of three different procedural tools, all deeply intertwined. First, it’s inevitable to start with the appeal procedure against decisions of the General Court (the so-called pourvoi, in the CJEU’s francophone language), which stems out as the most relevant revision mechanism since the creation of the previously named Court of First Instance, in 1989. The appeal’s regulating provisions, from art. 256 TFEU to the Court’s Statute and Rules of Procedure, are characterised by a high degree of technical complexity and, what’s even more relevant, can be viewed as the result of subsequent developments originated by the Court’s case law, only later on received by the legislator. An in-depth analysis of this mechanism aims, first, at a better understanding of the very nature of the appeal procedure (whether a “supreme court style” review or a full new appreciation of the case) and, as of a consequence, at driving some more general conclusions regarding the roles occupied by the Court of Justice and the General Court in the EU legal order. Second, a peculiar attention needs to be granted to the review performed by the General Court over decisions adopted by EU agencies’ boards of appeal. These bodies embody, from many points of view, one of the frontiers currently to be explored about the EU’s legal order, especially because, while still having the nature of administrative (or, at least, not completely judicial) bodies, they still are able and entitled to perform a first-level scrutiny onto fully administrative decision-makers, and they create the need for the EU judges to adapt their own type of judicial scrutiny. Finally, a merging perspective between the aforementioned procedural mechanisms is offered by the filtering procedure pursuant to art. 58a of the Statute. It’s a well-established knowledge that this tool aims at filtering the appeals raised in front of the Court of Justice, when they challenge decisions adopted by the General Court as an appeal judge itself over boards of appeal’s decisions. What’s really at the core of this manuscript is to lead a deep study of the Court’ case law regarding this procedural mechanism, and to imagine some possible developments as well, in line with the challenges that the EU’s system of judicial protection will be confronted with in the near and further future.
ALBERTI, Jacopo Francesco
GREGGI, Marco
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2543030
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