The PhD thesis’ object is the extraterritorial application of fundamental rights in constitutional theory. It investigates if and how fundamental rights enshrined in national constitutions apply also beyond the state territory, when public bodies either perform their functions or otherwise affect people abroad. It focuses on rights in their negative dimension, i.e. as rights against state interference, and positive dimension, i.e. requiring an action for their fulfillment. Three intertwined questions are at the core of the thesis: 1. Do constitutional rights bind states also beyond their borders? 2. Do states have an obligation to respect constitutional rights when acting abroad or leading activities on their territory that impact abroad? 3. Are there legal obstacles to the extraterritorial application of constitutional rights? Globalization processes and technological evolution shed light on the issue of the extraterritoriality of constitutional rights. The “fragility” of national borders is particularly evident when it comes to internet governance for its intrinsically “deterritorialized” nature. Internet has been a primary tool for activities lead by state authorities with transnational reach, as proven by transboundary data transfer and mass surveillance. Since at least the terrorist attacks of 9/11, national intelligence authorities have implemented mass surveillance programs with extraterritorial reach, often sharing the collected data also with foreign authorities. More recently, new phenomena revive debates on the extraterritoriality of constitutional rights. This is specifically the case of climate action, i.e. state measures aiming at hindering climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing activities that remove such gases from the atmosphere(mitigation measures), and by adopting adjustments to actual or expected climate change and its effects (adaptation measures). Since the greenhouse gas emissions produced in a specific country do not stop at the state border, the effects of mitigation strategies affect the environment and people beyond the state territory. It is not yet clear whether and how the state can be held responsible, under its national constitution, for the violation of individuals’ fundamental rights abroad due to its climate (in)action. In this scenario, the issue of the territorial reach of constitutional rights has lately been addressed by the German Federal Constitutional Tribunal in its BND judgment of 2020,concerningforeign mass surveillance, and its Neubauer judgment of 2021, concerning climate action. The PhD thesis aims at conceptualizing a theory on the extraterritorial application of constitutional rights. Through an inductive approach, it elaborates different theorical models of extraterritoriality. It analyzes and systemizes the limits to the extraterritoriality of constitutional rights on the basis of the dimension in which they are considered. In respect to rights in their negative dimension, it focuses on the case study of mass surveillance; in respect to rights in their positive dimension, it focuses on the case study of climate action. The final claim is that constitutional rights’ binding effect should not be confined to the state territory. Such a reasoning is consistent with the purpose of constitutions to guarantee a comprehensive protection of fundamental rights and to avoid “constitution-free zones”. It is also supported by the fact that constitutional clauses are generally silent on the territorial reach of fundamental rights. However, legal barriers may arise for the extraterritorial application of rights in their positive dimension when they require a unilateral positive action outside of the state jurisdiction for their fulfillment. The principle of sovereignty may thus represent an obstacle to the extraterritorial application of constitutional rights, at least in their positive dimension.

La ricerca origina da tre domande interconnesse: 1) se lo Stato sia vincolato al rispetto dei diritti costituzionali (o fondamentali) all’esterno dei propri confini territoriali; 2) in caso di risposta affermativa al primo quesito, se tale vincolo si estenda nei confronti dei soli cittadini o anche degli stranieri; e 3) se vi siano dei limiti o degli ostacoli all’efficacia extraterritoriale dei diritti costituzionali. In Italia il tema dell’extraterritorialità dei diritti è stato trattato solo incidentalmente dalla dottrina costituzionalistica, per lo più in relazione a talune sentenze delle due Corti europee o di giudici nazionali di altri Stati, come nel caso delle decisioni Tribunale costituzionale federale tedesco sulle intercettazioni verso l’estero, del 2020, e sull’azione di contrasto al cambiamento climatico, del 2021, o della sentenza del 2008 della Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti relativa al trattamento dei detenuti presso il campo di prigionia a Guantanamo. Non si registrano contributi di più ampio respiro, non solo che ricostruiscano e analizzino il contesto in cui emerge la questione dell’extraterritorialità dei diritti fondamentali, ma anche che ne concettualizzino e sistematizzino i profili teorici e formulino una (possibile) teoria dell’efficacia extraterritoriale dei diritti fondamentali. In tale contesto si inserisce il presente lavoro, il cui obiettivo è ricostruire quelli che paiono essere gli elementi centrali per una teoria sull’extraterritorialità dei diritti costituzionali. Nello specifico, si intende dimostrare che lo Stato, i cui poteri e limiti discendono dalla Costituzione, è vincolato al rispetto della stessa sempre e ovunque. Tale tesi sembra coerente sia con il dato letterale della maggior parte delle Costituzioni, per lo meno europee – le quali non pongono limiti territoriali all’efficacia dei diritti – sia con l’esigenza di scongiurare la creazione di zone “Charter-free” in cui i poteri pubblici possano agire senza rispettare i vincoli costituzionali. Si vuole altresì sostenere che l’efficacia esterna dei diritti fondamentali raggiunge non solo i cittadini ma anche gli stranieri (o apolidi) laddove essi godano di tali diritti all’interno del territorio dello Stato agente. Nel caso italiano, l’art. 2 Cost. sembra rappresentare il fondamento testuale per la tesi qui sostenuta, in quanto sancisce l’inviolabilità dei diritti dell’uomo (e non del solo cittadino), senza peraltro circoscriverne territorialmente l’ambito di efficacia. Sul piano metodologico, nella prima parte della ricerca è stato seguito un approccio di tipo teorico e ricostruttivo finalizzato alla definizione e alla sistematizzazione dei concetti tecnico-giuridici necessari per lo sviluppo del lavoro. Nella parte centrale della ricerca si è adottato un approccio di tipo induttivo, muovendo dall’analisi di casi di studio – la sorveglianza elettronica di massa e l’azione statale di contrasto al cambiamento climatico – da cui sono stati desunti i tratti e i limiti di una possibile teoria dell’efficacia extraterritoriale dei diritti fondamentali. Nella parte finale del lavoro viene ripreso un approccio più teorico per la definizione di possibili modelli di extraterritorialità. La selezione dei casi di studio esaminati poggia su due considerazioni. Da un lato, si tratta di casi paradigmatici e di stretta attualità che dimostrano come il problema dell’efficacia extraterritoriale sia fortemente esacerbato dalla globalizzazione. Dall’altro lato, da essi emergono chiaramente le diverse implicazioni (nonché gli ostacoli) dell’extraterritorialità rispetto ai diritti nelle loro tradizionali dimensioni negativa e positiva, ovverosia i diritti da cui discende un divieto di ingerenza (o obbligo negativo) nei confronti dello Stato rispetto alla sfera individuale e i diritti che pongono in capo allo Stato un facere positivo per la loro realizzazione o tutela.

L'efficacia extraterritoriale dei diritti fondamentali

GENTILE, CHIARA
2024

Abstract

The PhD thesis’ object is the extraterritorial application of fundamental rights in constitutional theory. It investigates if and how fundamental rights enshrined in national constitutions apply also beyond the state territory, when public bodies either perform their functions or otherwise affect people abroad. It focuses on rights in their negative dimension, i.e. as rights against state interference, and positive dimension, i.e. requiring an action for their fulfillment. Three intertwined questions are at the core of the thesis: 1. Do constitutional rights bind states also beyond their borders? 2. Do states have an obligation to respect constitutional rights when acting abroad or leading activities on their territory that impact abroad? 3. Are there legal obstacles to the extraterritorial application of constitutional rights? Globalization processes and technological evolution shed light on the issue of the extraterritoriality of constitutional rights. The “fragility” of national borders is particularly evident when it comes to internet governance for its intrinsically “deterritorialized” nature. Internet has been a primary tool for activities lead by state authorities with transnational reach, as proven by transboundary data transfer and mass surveillance. Since at least the terrorist attacks of 9/11, national intelligence authorities have implemented mass surveillance programs with extraterritorial reach, often sharing the collected data also with foreign authorities. More recently, new phenomena revive debates on the extraterritoriality of constitutional rights. This is specifically the case of climate action, i.e. state measures aiming at hindering climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing activities that remove such gases from the atmosphere(mitigation measures), and by adopting adjustments to actual or expected climate change and its effects (adaptation measures). Since the greenhouse gas emissions produced in a specific country do not stop at the state border, the effects of mitigation strategies affect the environment and people beyond the state territory. It is not yet clear whether and how the state can be held responsible, under its national constitution, for the violation of individuals’ fundamental rights abroad due to its climate (in)action. In this scenario, the issue of the territorial reach of constitutional rights has lately been addressed by the German Federal Constitutional Tribunal in its BND judgment of 2020,concerningforeign mass surveillance, and its Neubauer judgment of 2021, concerning climate action. The PhD thesis aims at conceptualizing a theory on the extraterritorial application of constitutional rights. Through an inductive approach, it elaborates different theorical models of extraterritoriality. It analyzes and systemizes the limits to the extraterritoriality of constitutional rights on the basis of the dimension in which they are considered. In respect to rights in their negative dimension, it focuses on the case study of mass surveillance; in respect to rights in their positive dimension, it focuses on the case study of climate action. The final claim is that constitutional rights’ binding effect should not be confined to the state territory. Such a reasoning is consistent with the purpose of constitutions to guarantee a comprehensive protection of fundamental rights and to avoid “constitution-free zones”. It is also supported by the fact that constitutional clauses are generally silent on the territorial reach of fundamental rights. However, legal barriers may arise for the extraterritorial application of rights in their positive dimension when they require a unilateral positive action outside of the state jurisdiction for their fulfillment. The principle of sovereignty may thus represent an obstacle to the extraterritorial application of constitutional rights, at least in their positive dimension.
GARDINI, Gianluca
GREGGI, Marco
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Descrizione: L'efficacia extraterritoriale dei diritti fondamentali - tesi dottorato Chiara Gentile
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2542920
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