Mitochondrial Remodeling and Dynamic Inter-Organellar Contacts in Cardiovascular Physiopathology

Inter-cellular and inter-organellar communications are required to maintain homeostasis in complex organisms. Most of subcellular organelles evolved as entities needing connections, rather than separate units with unitary functions. Indeed, besides the anterograde and retrograde communication between the nucleus and organelles which involves gene transcription regulation, there is ample evidence that they come into contact with each other through several physical contact sites. Usually, such sites are represented by dynamic changes of membranes juxtaposition of neighboring organelles with specific purposes: the exchange of biological material and thus, information. Information that is required to coordinate a series of signaling pathways to sustain life.