The concept of “transparency” permeates the entire discipline of consumer contracts. It is within this context that Directive 93/13/EEC on unfair terms in consumer contracts comes into play. In this specific matter, the supranational Legislator dictates a minimum protection in favour of the consumer, allowing the Member States to derogate in melius, and thus to establish a discipline that preserves the weaker party in a more pregnant manner. The purpose of this paper is to verify the existence of a seamless correlation between the discipline, dictated in respect of general terms and conditions of contracts by artt. 1341 and 1342 c.c. and the principles of clarity and comprehensibility stipulated in the specialized Consumer Code sector, which is of communitarian derivation. After analysing the evolution and application of the Civil Code's regulations on contracts general terms and conditions, the candidate - drawing inspiration from the casus belli concerning the role of "floor" clauses in variable interest rate loan contracts - delved into an in-depth examination of the physiognomy and role of the consumer transparency canon in the assessment of unfairness of unlawful clauses. This is in order to ascertain - through an appreciation of historical, dogmatic, systematic, literal and jurisprudential arguments - the configurability of a general principle of transparency capable of governing even the allegedly merely formal regulation of contracts general terms and conditions. The attempt to provide an answer to this question called for an investigation of the core features of contractual transparency in the banking and finance sector, characterised by profiles, concepts, operations, and effects that require the provision of contractual clauses that allow the adherent not only to know, but also to understand the economic significance of the finalised agreement. In view of these considerations, and taking into account that contracts under banking law may also bind two professional contracting parties, it was possible to examine the problematic aspect concerning the extensibility of the general principle of clarity and comprehensibility to all contracts concluded by two professionals, of which one is in a position of contractual weakness since it is affected by an economic or informational asymmetry. Of primary relevance in this investigation are the judgments of the European Union Court of Justice, through which the Luxembourg judges have repeatedly emphasised that an economic clause, rèctius the one that serves to identify the object of the negotiated agreement, would be subject to a dual transparency scrutiny: primarily, a lexical one. In the second place, a normative type of inspection. Meanwhile, the economic clause may qualify as transparent to the extent that it is capable, even if only in principle, of making the weaker party understand, according to criteria that are enshrined in a logic of intelligibility, what the consumer's economic sacrifice in the contract is.

Il concetto di «trasparenza» permea l’intera disciplina dei contratti del consumatore. Ed è in tale contesto che si inserisce la direttiva 93/13/CEE concernente le clausole abusive nei contratti stipulati con i consumatori. In tale specifica materia, il Legislatore sovranazionale detta una protezione minima in favore del consumatore, consentendo agli Stati membri di derogarla in melius, quindi di predisporre una disciplina che tuteli in modo più pregnante il contraente debole. L’elaborato si pone come obiettivo quello di verificare l’esistenza di un nesso di continuità tra la disciplina dettata in materia di condizioni generali di contratto dagli artt. 1341 e 1342 c.c. ed i canoni di chiarezza e comprensibilità previsti nel settore specialistico del Codice del Consumo, di derivazione comunitaria. Dopo un’analisi circa l’evoluzione ed il portato applicativo della disciplina prevista dal Codice civile in materia di condizioni generali di contratto, il candidato – traendo spunto dal casus belli concernente il ruolo delle clausole “floor” nei contratti di mutuo a tasso di interesse variabile – ha approfondito l’esame della fisionomia e del ruolo del canone della trasparenza consumeristica nel giudizio di vessatorietà delle clausole abusive. Ciò al fine di verificare – attraverso una valorizzazione degli argomenti storici, dogmatici, sistematici, letterali e giurisprudenziali – la configurabilità di un principio generale di trasparenza capace di conformare anche la disciplina apparentemente solo formale prevista in materia di condizioni generali di contratto. Il tentativo di fornire una risposta a tale interrogativo ha imposto un’indagine sui caratteri essenziali della trasparenza contrattuale in un settore – quale quello bancario e finanziario – connotato da profili, concetti, operazioni, effetti che necessitano della previsione di clausole contrattuali che consentano all’aderente non solo di conoscere, ma anche di comprendere il significato economico dell’accordo perfezionato. Alla luce di tali riflessioni, tenuto conto che i contratti di diritto bancario possono vincolare anche due contraenti professionisti, ciò ha consentito di esaminare il profilo problematico concernente l’estensibilità del principio generale di chiarezza e comprensibilità a tutti contratti perfezionati da due professionisti, di cui uno si trovi in posizione di debolezza contrattuale in quanto gravato da un’asimmetria economica o informativa. In tale indagine assumono centrale rilevanza le pronunce della Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione Europea, con cui i giudici di Lussemburgo hanno a piu riprese messo in evidenza che clausola economica, rèctius quella che ha una funzione individuatrice dell’oggetto dell’accordo negoziale, sarebbe soggetta ad un doppio sindacato di trasparenza: in primo luogo, quello lessicale. In secondo luogo, un sindacato di tipo normativo. Intanto la clausola economica potrà̀ qualificarsi come trasparente in quanto sia in grado, anche solo in potenza, di far cogliere al contraente debole, sulla base di criteri che si inscrivono in una logica di intellegibilità, quale sia il sacrificio economico del contratto che grava sul consumatore.

"Una rilettura in chiave sostanziale della conoscibilità in tema di condizioni generali di contratto, alla luce del canone eurounitario della trasparenza ex art. 5 Dir. 93/13/CEE negli accordi B2B e B2C."

PINNA, Edoardo
2023

Abstract

The concept of “transparency” permeates the entire discipline of consumer contracts. It is within this context that Directive 93/13/EEC on unfair terms in consumer contracts comes into play. In this specific matter, the supranational Legislator dictates a minimum protection in favour of the consumer, allowing the Member States to derogate in melius, and thus to establish a discipline that preserves the weaker party in a more pregnant manner. The purpose of this paper is to verify the existence of a seamless correlation between the discipline, dictated in respect of general terms and conditions of contracts by artt. 1341 and 1342 c.c. and the principles of clarity and comprehensibility stipulated in the specialized Consumer Code sector, which is of communitarian derivation. After analysing the evolution and application of the Civil Code's regulations on contracts general terms and conditions, the candidate - drawing inspiration from the casus belli concerning the role of "floor" clauses in variable interest rate loan contracts - delved into an in-depth examination of the physiognomy and role of the consumer transparency canon in the assessment of unfairness of unlawful clauses. This is in order to ascertain - through an appreciation of historical, dogmatic, systematic, literal and jurisprudential arguments - the configurability of a general principle of transparency capable of governing even the allegedly merely formal regulation of contracts general terms and conditions. The attempt to provide an answer to this question called for an investigation of the core features of contractual transparency in the banking and finance sector, characterised by profiles, concepts, operations, and effects that require the provision of contractual clauses that allow the adherent not only to know, but also to understand the economic significance of the finalised agreement. In view of these considerations, and taking into account that contracts under banking law may also bind two professional contracting parties, it was possible to examine the problematic aspect concerning the extensibility of the general principle of clarity and comprehensibility to all contracts concluded by two professionals, of which one is in a position of contractual weakness since it is affected by an economic or informational asymmetry. Of primary relevance in this investigation are the judgments of the European Union Court of Justice, through which the Luxembourg judges have repeatedly emphasised that an economic clause, rèctius the one that serves to identify the object of the negotiated agreement, would be subject to a dual transparency scrutiny: primarily, a lexical one. In the second place, a normative type of inspection. Meanwhile, the economic clause may qualify as transparent to the extent that it is capable, even if only in principle, of making the weaker party understand, according to criteria that are enshrined in a logic of intelligibility, what the consumer's economic sacrifice in the contract is.
DE CRISTOFARO, Giovanni
GREGGI, Marco
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