This PhD thesis proposes and develops paleo- and eco-geographic reconstructions of European environments between 54 (corresponding to GI14), and 14,7 ka cal BP (Heinrich event 1, H1). Physiological spatial vector data were processed along with paleoecological and paleoclimatic interpolation to obtain a multi-scale picture of given temporal windows (time frames). A total of three projects are presented in the paper, each with a different nominal scale. The first project, on a European scale, discusses the temporal dynamics of man-environment, subdividing the chronostratigraphic data based on stadial/ interstadial windows (GS/GI), especially Heinrich events (HS) (Rasmussen et al. 2014). Paleoeconomic and paleoclimatic data play a crucial role in framing the ecogeographic contexts in which European human populations developed during MIS3 and MIS2.  Afterwards, in order to cover at least one of the determined time windows with a high degree of precision, 77 paleoecological records were selected from the European territory. In each record, the cumulative curves were derived by merging arboreal (%TR), shrubby (%SH), herbaceous (%HE) taxa and keeping xerophyte taxa separate (%XE). Additionally, two cumulative curves were constructed: one for the main thermophilic plant taxa (deciduous Quercus, Tilia, Ulmus and Corylus), another one for the Pinus (sylvestris/mugo and cembra) and Artemisia types.  OxCal software version 4.4 (Ramsey 2009) was used to determine the human occupancy based on 6108 14C dates – calibrated with IntCal20 (Reimer et al. 2020) and 95% confidence range. Each material culture or characteristic facies has been assigned a specific combination of symbols and signs, generally grading from red for Neanderthal deposits to blue for the first AMH deposits. Indicators of the Middle Upper Paleolithic cultures will be green, whereas those identifying the Recent Upper Paleolithic will be yellow/ orange. In the database, the physiographic and geomorphological elements of the landscape e.g., ice caps, river courses, ecc. have been collected and adapted (where available). Moreover, unavailable data were derived in vector format. The second project, carried out on an Italian scale, presents in an integrated way the ancient landscapes in which the two species of Homo lived (Neanderthal and Sapiens), in order to comprehend the different forms of human mobility, the practicability of the territories, the exploitation of resources, and the supply possibilities in relation to the environment and its changes. In order to be included in the database, vector data pertaining to physiographic components (e.g., glaciers, freshwater courses and basins, coasts) were gathered and homogenised. All elements that lacked digital graphic renderings suitable for the GIS environment were generated. Furthermore, a new map of the Alpine cap during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was created, depicting the glacier masses at their greatest extent (nunataks excluded), at a resolution scale of 1:100,000. Finally, the third project focuses on the region between Monte Baldo and the Berici Hills. It simulates the landscape during Interstate 12 (GI12), in an effort to comprehend the regional mobility of Neanderthal groups, the occupation of caves, and the land use. The generated maps will also serve as a functional base for a variety of applications, taking into account important requirements such as multi-scalarity, integrability, and upgradability.

Questa tesi di dottorato si focalizza sull’elaborazione e lo sviluppo di ricostruzioni paleo ed ecogeografiche in Europa per l’intervallo di tempo compreso tra 54 (corrispondente al GI14) e 14,7 ka cal BP (Heinrich event 1, H1). Attraverso l’elaborazione di dati spaziali fisiografici e l’interpolazione di dati paleoecologici e paleoclimatici, è stato possibile ottenere un quadro multi-scala integrato per finestre temporali di interesse. L’elaborato si compone di tre progetti a scale nominali differenti. Un primo progetto a scala europea, verte sulle dinamiche uomo ambiente nel corso del tempo, suddividendo i dati cronostratigrafici secondo finestre basate sull’alternanza di stadiali ed interstadiali (GS/GI), con focus sugli Heinrich events (HS) (Rasmussen et al. 2014). I dati paleoecologici e paleoclimatici risultano fondamentali per inquadrare i contesti ecogeografici nei quali si è sviluppata la storia delle popolazioni umane a scala europea durante il MIS3 ed il MIS2. Sono stati quindi selezionati 77 record paleoecologici distribuiti nel territorio europeo in grado di coprire con una discreta risoluzione almeno una delle finestre temporali determinate. Per ogni record si è provveduto a derivare le curve cumulative accorpando rispettivamente taxa arborei (%TR), arbustivi (%SH), erbacei (%HE) e tenendo separati i taxa di vegetazione xerofita (%XE) in una curva apposita. Oltre a queste, è stata derivata una curva cumulata dei principali taxa di piante termofile (%Temp) (deciduous Quercus, Tilia, Ulmus e Corylus), la curva cumulata di Pinus type (sylvestris/mugo e cembra) e la curva di Artemisia. L’occupazione umana è stata determinata in base a 6108 datazioni 14C, calibrate con IntCal20 (Reimer et al. 2020) tramite software OxCal versione 4.4 (Ramsey 2009) con intervallo di confidenza del 95%. Ad ogni cultura materiale o facies caratteristica è stata assegnata una specifica combinazione di simboli e segni, applicando, in linea di massima, una gradazione del colore rosso per i depositi assegnati ai Neanderthal e blu per i primi AMH. Il colore verde servirà per indicare le culture del Paleolitico Superiore Medio mentre le gradazioni di giallo/arancio saranno applicate per il Paleolitico Superiore Recente. Gli elementi fisiografici e geomorfologici del paesaggio, dalle calotte glaciali ai corsi fluviali, qualora fossero stati disponibili sono stati raccolti ed adattati al database qui costruito. I dati non disponibili sono stati generati in formato vettoriale. A scala italiana, il secondo progetto descrive in maniera integrata gli antichi paesaggi in cui si vissero le due specie di Homo (Neanderthal e sapiens), per comprendere le diverse forme di mobilità umana, la percorribilità dei territori, lo sfruttamento delle risorse e le possibilità di approvvigionamento in relazione all’ambiente e alle sue trasformazioni. - Dati vettoriale inerenti ad elementi fisiografici, quali ghiacciai, corsi e bacini d’acqua dolce, linee di costa sono stati raccolti ed omogeneizzati per essere integrati nel database. - Per gli elementi sprovvisti di restituzioni grafiche digitali compatibili con l’ambiente GIS si è provveduto alla loro creazione. All’interno di questo progetto è stata prodotta una nuova carta della calotta alpina durante l’Ultimo Massimo Glaciale (LGM) con scala di risoluzione 1:100.000, raffigurante le masse glaciali alla loro massima estensione, escludendo i nunatak. Infine, un terzo progetto si focalizza sull’area geografica compresa tra il Monte Baldo ed i Colli Berici, ricostruendo il paesaggio durante il l’interstadiale 12 (GI12) nel tentativo di comprendere la mobilità locale dei gruppi neandertaliani, l’occupazione delle grotte e lo sfruttamento del territorio. Le mappe prodotte costituiranno, inoltre, un substrato operativo per molteplici utilizzi, anche in considerazione di importanti requisiti quali la multi-scalarità, l’integrabilità e l’aggiornabilità.

Elaborazioni geografiche paleoambientali in Europa durante l'Ultimo Periodo Glaciale attraverso l'utilizzo di strumenti GIS

MARGARITORA, Davide
2023

Abstract

This PhD thesis proposes and develops paleo- and eco-geographic reconstructions of European environments between 54 (corresponding to GI14), and 14,7 ka cal BP (Heinrich event 1, H1). Physiological spatial vector data were processed along with paleoecological and paleoclimatic interpolation to obtain a multi-scale picture of given temporal windows (time frames). A total of three projects are presented in the paper, each with a different nominal scale. The first project, on a European scale, discusses the temporal dynamics of man-environment, subdividing the chronostratigraphic data based on stadial/ interstadial windows (GS/GI), especially Heinrich events (HS) (Rasmussen et al. 2014). Paleoeconomic and paleoclimatic data play a crucial role in framing the ecogeographic contexts in which European human populations developed during MIS3 and MIS2.  Afterwards, in order to cover at least one of the determined time windows with a high degree of precision, 77 paleoecological records were selected from the European territory. In each record, the cumulative curves were derived by merging arboreal (%TR), shrubby (%SH), herbaceous (%HE) taxa and keeping xerophyte taxa separate (%XE). Additionally, two cumulative curves were constructed: one for the main thermophilic plant taxa (deciduous Quercus, Tilia, Ulmus and Corylus), another one for the Pinus (sylvestris/mugo and cembra) and Artemisia types.  OxCal software version 4.4 (Ramsey 2009) was used to determine the human occupancy based on 6108 14C dates – calibrated with IntCal20 (Reimer et al. 2020) and 95% confidence range. Each material culture or characteristic facies has been assigned a specific combination of symbols and signs, generally grading from red for Neanderthal deposits to blue for the first AMH deposits. Indicators of the Middle Upper Paleolithic cultures will be green, whereas those identifying the Recent Upper Paleolithic will be yellow/ orange. In the database, the physiographic and geomorphological elements of the landscape e.g., ice caps, river courses, ecc. have been collected and adapted (where available). Moreover, unavailable data were derived in vector format. The second project, carried out on an Italian scale, presents in an integrated way the ancient landscapes in which the two species of Homo lived (Neanderthal and Sapiens), in order to comprehend the different forms of human mobility, the practicability of the territories, the exploitation of resources, and the supply possibilities in relation to the environment and its changes. In order to be included in the database, vector data pertaining to physiographic components (e.g., glaciers, freshwater courses and basins, coasts) were gathered and homogenised. All elements that lacked digital graphic renderings suitable for the GIS environment were generated. Furthermore, a new map of the Alpine cap during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was created, depicting the glacier masses at their greatest extent (nunataks excluded), at a resolution scale of 1:100,000. Finally, the third project focuses on the region between Monte Baldo and the Berici Hills. It simulates the landscape during Interstate 12 (GI12), in an effort to comprehend the regional mobility of Neanderthal groups, the occupation of caves, and the land use. The generated maps will also serve as a functional base for a variety of applications, taking into account important requirements such as multi-scalarity, integrability, and upgradability.
PERESANI, Marco
PERETTO, Carlo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2510530
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