Population growth, urbanization, and climate changes are leading large areas under water stress. Within this framework, a detailed information on where, when, and how water is being used is an essential requirement for effective strategies aimed at meeting current and future demand. To pursue this, more attention has been recently devoted to the investigation of water consumption at fine levels of spatio-temporal detail (e.g. up to the level of individual end uses of water), the knowledge of which can aid demand modelling, technologies for water saving, or campaigns aimed at increasing people’s awareness towards consumption. As a result, the recent literature includes numerous publications exploring the residential end uses of water, but systematic comparisons and elaborations of these fragmented data are missing. Moreover, collecting and processing end-use data may be challenging, since most of the developed methods to obtain end-use information from user-level data can exploit only data collected at temporal resolutions which may be unavailable to water utilities. Also, in some cases, non-residential users may consume a more relevant quantity of water, and with profiles different from those related to the residential uses of water. However, to date, research on non-residential consumption has been mostly carried out in relation to specific users, and typically at very coarse temporal resolutions. Nevertheless, it has scarcely focused on water consumption in the event of non-ordinary situations affecting people’s habits or the operational conditions of water distribution systems, such as disasters or pandemics. The aim of this thesis is to take a step forward in the characterization of residential and non-residential water consumption at different levels of spatio-temporal detail, and by considering different demand conditions. First, with reference to the residential sector, a comprehensive analysis of more than one hundred end-use studies conducted worldwide is carried out – along with an in-depth discussion of their scope, features, and results – to investigate the main perspectives from around the world and highlighting which aspects have been mostly explored. In addition, an automated method for residential end-use disaggregation and classification – exploiting user-level data collected at a sampling resolution which is close to that of the smart meters available to water utilities – is developed and validated with data from two different geographical areas. Second, the water consumption of some still unexplored non-residential contexts, or under non-ordinary demand conditions, is investigated: in greater detail, insight into the effects of seaside tourism on water consumption is provided by exploring the impacts of bathing facilities and holiday homes in coastal area subjected to high tourist fluctuations, whereas an overview of the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on water consumption is provided in relation to different urban contexts for which analyses are conducted up to the level of individual users. Overall, the current thesis: (1) provides an extensive, worldwide database of residential end uses of water from which many future studies can be developed; (2) presents a generalized and robust method for end-use disaggregation and classification, widely applicable to several residential water consumption contexts; (3) demonstrates the effects of seaside tourism on water consumption and its profiles; and (4) quantifies the impacts of the lockdown imposed to limit the spread of COVID-19 on water consumption based on multiple temporal scales and in relation to different types of consumption. This thesis's findings can aid water utilities and their users in better understanding the major characteristics of water consumption in different contexts and scenarios, supporting the formers in efficiently managing water systems, and encouraging the latter to a more conscious use of water resources.

Incremento demografico, urbanizzazione e cambiamenti climatici stanno esercitando una pressione sempre maggiore sulle risorse idriche. In questo contesto, conoscere le distribuzioni spazio-temporali delle richieste idriche con elevato grado di dettaglio risulta essenziale per lo sviluppo di strategie finalizzate a garantire le attuali e future condizioni di domanda, sviluppare tecnologie per il risparmio idrico e promuovere iniziative di sensibilizzazione a un utilizzo consapevole. Alla luce di ciò, la recente letteratura si è arricchita di numerosi studi finalizzati a investigare i consumi idrici, fino al livello di utilizzi finali dell’acqua (end uses) e con particolare riferimento al settore residenziale, mancando tuttavia di un’analisi dettagliata degli studi esistenti, inclusiva di un confronto sistematico e di un’elaborazione omnicomprensiva dei dati riportati. Inoltre, la maggior parte dei metodi recentemente sviluppati per ottenere dati di consumo idrico a livello di end use partendo dalle informazioni raccolte a livello di intera unità abitativa risulta generalmente in grado di elaborare solo dati a risoluzioni temporali difficilmente a disposizione dei gestori idrici. Nondimeno, ad oggi, solo un numero limitato di studi ha investigato i consumi idrici in contesti non residenziali o le variazioni di consumo a fronte di circostanze straordinarie quali catastrofi o pandemie. La presente tesi si ripropone di contribuire alla caratterizzazione dei consumi idrici residenziali e non residenziali con elevato grado di dettaglio spazio-temporale e sotto diverse condizioni di domanda idrica. In primis, viene condotta un’analisi estensiva di più di cento pubblicazioni sui consumi idrici residenziali a livello end use, alla quale segue una discussione sistematica dei relativi contenuti e risultati proposti, con al fine di approfondire le caratteristiche di consumo residenziale in diversi contesti del mondo ed evidenziarne gli aspetti maggiormente investigati. Si presenta, altresì, una metodologia per la disaggregazione di dati di consumo idrico monitorato a livello di unità abitativa e la relativa classificazione nei diversi end use. La metodologia, basata su dati a una risoluzione temporale simile a quella della maggior parte degli smart meter tipicamente a disposizione dei gestori idrici, viene validata con dati raccolti in due differenti aree geografiche. La seconda parte della tesi si focalizza invece sulla caratterizzazione dei consumi idrici in contesti non residenziali non ancora investigati o sotto particolari condizioni di domanda idrica. Più nel dettaglio, viene fornita una panoramica sugli effetti del turismo balneare sui consumi idrici – analizzando l’impatto di stabilimenti balneari e case-vacanza in una zona costiera soggetta a elevate fluttuazioni turistiche – e si valuta altresì l’effetto della pandemia da COVID-19 sui consumi idrici, con riferimento a due differenti contesti urbani e fino al livello di singola utenza. I principali contributi della presente tesi risultano i seguenti: (1) viene fornito un ampio database a scala mondiale degli utilizzi finali dell’acqua a livello residenziale; (2) si presenta una metodologia robusta e versatile per la disaggregazione end use dei dati di consumo idrico, ampiamente trasferibile ad altri contesti residenziali; (3) si dimostra l’impatto del turismo balneare sui consumi idrici e sulle relative distribuzioni; (4) si quantificano gli impatti del lockdown da COVID-19 sui consumi idrici a diverse scale spazio-temporali e con riferimento a differenti tipologie di utilizzo dell’acqua. Nel complesso, i risultati della corrente tesi possono essere di interesse per meglio comprendere le principali caratteristiche del consumo idrico in diversi contesti e scenari, supportando i gestori idrici nell’efficientamento dei sistemi di distribuzione e indirizzando gli utenti a un consumo più consapevole della risorsa idrica.

Analysis and characterization of residential and non-residential water consumption at different levels of spatio-temporal detail

MAZZONI, FILIPPO
2023

Abstract

Population growth, urbanization, and climate changes are leading large areas under water stress. Within this framework, a detailed information on where, when, and how water is being used is an essential requirement for effective strategies aimed at meeting current and future demand. To pursue this, more attention has been recently devoted to the investigation of water consumption at fine levels of spatio-temporal detail (e.g. up to the level of individual end uses of water), the knowledge of which can aid demand modelling, technologies for water saving, or campaigns aimed at increasing people’s awareness towards consumption. As a result, the recent literature includes numerous publications exploring the residential end uses of water, but systematic comparisons and elaborations of these fragmented data are missing. Moreover, collecting and processing end-use data may be challenging, since most of the developed methods to obtain end-use information from user-level data can exploit only data collected at temporal resolutions which may be unavailable to water utilities. Also, in some cases, non-residential users may consume a more relevant quantity of water, and with profiles different from those related to the residential uses of water. However, to date, research on non-residential consumption has been mostly carried out in relation to specific users, and typically at very coarse temporal resolutions. Nevertheless, it has scarcely focused on water consumption in the event of non-ordinary situations affecting people’s habits or the operational conditions of water distribution systems, such as disasters or pandemics. The aim of this thesis is to take a step forward in the characterization of residential and non-residential water consumption at different levels of spatio-temporal detail, and by considering different demand conditions. First, with reference to the residential sector, a comprehensive analysis of more than one hundred end-use studies conducted worldwide is carried out – along with an in-depth discussion of their scope, features, and results – to investigate the main perspectives from around the world and highlighting which aspects have been mostly explored. In addition, an automated method for residential end-use disaggregation and classification – exploiting user-level data collected at a sampling resolution which is close to that of the smart meters available to water utilities – is developed and validated with data from two different geographical areas. Second, the water consumption of some still unexplored non-residential contexts, or under non-ordinary demand conditions, is investigated: in greater detail, insight into the effects of seaside tourism on water consumption is provided by exploring the impacts of bathing facilities and holiday homes in coastal area subjected to high tourist fluctuations, whereas an overview of the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on water consumption is provided in relation to different urban contexts for which analyses are conducted up to the level of individual users. Overall, the current thesis: (1) provides an extensive, worldwide database of residential end uses of water from which many future studies can be developed; (2) presents a generalized and robust method for end-use disaggregation and classification, widely applicable to several residential water consumption contexts; (3) demonstrates the effects of seaside tourism on water consumption and its profiles; and (4) quantifies the impacts of the lockdown imposed to limit the spread of COVID-19 on water consumption based on multiple temporal scales and in relation to different types of consumption. This thesis's findings can aid water utilities and their users in better understanding the major characteristics of water consumption in different contexts and scenarios, supporting the formers in efficiently managing water systems, and encouraging the latter to a more conscious use of water resources.
FRANCHINI, Marco
ALVISI, Stefano
TRILLO, Stefano
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
Filippo Mazzoni_Tesi formato digitale.pdf

accesso aperto

Descrizione: Filippo Mazzoni_Tesi versione digitale
Tipologia: Tesi di dottorato
Dimensione 12.78 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
12.78 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri

I documenti in SFERA sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2505174
 Attenzione

Attenzione! I dati visualizzati non sono stati sottoposti a validazione da parte dell'ateneo

Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? ND
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
social impact