Water distribution systems are fundamental to ensure access to drinking water, as it is essential for life. However, on one hand water demand is continuously increasing due to world population growing, while, on the other hand, water resources are decreasing due to climate changes and pollution. Therefore, water utilities are required to efficiently manage water, in order to limit its wastage as much as possible, although their networks present a critical issue that limits the conservation of water resources, namely water leakages. More specifically, a leakage is defined as the amount of water which escapes from the pipe network by means other than through a controlled action. They consist both in real water losses caused by structural failures, and in drinking water that is actually consumed but not metered, as in the case of unauthorised connections or meter errors. This serious and widespread problem has economic, social and, above all, environmental consequences, as a resource that is fundamental to life and not inexhaustible is wasted. Unfortunately, on average in Italy the amount of water lost is about the 42% of the system input. Clearly, a distribution network without leakages is an unrealistic target, both technically and economically. However, the water utility is required to use water resources more carefully and sustainably through efficient water loss control programmes. This thesis is set in the important context just described, and aims to provide an innovative approach to the techniques and methodologies already available in the literature and normally used by water utilities for leakage control. In particular, the thesis will be focused on how the digitisation, the introduction of monitoring systems and the installation of smart meters can help to reduce the volumes of water lost more efficiently. In fact, digital evolution and transformation has affected the world in the last years, impacting also on the water sector, as it is now possible to monitor in detail both the main parameters of networks by means of sensors and the users’ water consumption by means of smart meters. Because this technological development is recent, the aim of this thesis is to analyse how the increased knowledge of the networks and the availability of more field data can improve the efficiency and optimise the steps for water loss control, i.e. leakage evaluation, characterisation and localisation.
I sistemi di distribuzione idrica sono fondamentali per garantire l’accesso all’acqua potabile, in quanto bene essenziale per la vita. Tuttavia, la richiesta idrica è in continuo aumento a causa dell’incremento della popolazione mondiale, mentre, dall’altra parte, le risorse idriche stanno diminuendo per via dei cambiamenti climatici e dell’inquinamento. Pertanto, gli enti gestori sono chiamati a una gestione efficiente dell’acqua, ma le loro reti presentano una grande criticità che limita la salvaguardia della risorsa idrica, ovvero le perdite idriche. Con perdita idrica si intende l’acqua potabile che viene persa dal gestore idrico poiché fuoriesce dalla rete senza un’azione controllata. Esse consistono sia in vere e proprie dispersioni di acqua causate da cedimenti strutturali, sia in acqua potabile che viene effettivamente consumata ma che non viene misurata, come nel caso di allacci abusivi o errori di misura dei contatori. Chiaramente, una rete di distribuzione senza perdite è un obiettivo irrealizzabile sia tecnicamente che economicamente. Per questo, il gestore è chiamato a un utilizzo sempre più attento della risorsa idrica, tramite l’esecuzione di programmi efficienti per il contenimento delle perdite idriche. Questa tesi si inserisce nel contesto appena descritto, e vuole fornire un approccio innovativo alle tecniche e ai metodi già presenti nella letteratura e normalmente applicati dai gestori per il contenimento delle perdite. In particolare l’attenzione sarà focalizzata su come la digitalizzazione e l’introduzione di sistemi di monitoraggio possano aiutare ad efficientare le varie fasi necessarie per la riduzione dei volumi di acqua persi. Infatti, negli ultimi anni si è potuto assistere a una vera e propria evoluzione digitale, che sta avendo un impatto anche sul settore idrico. Essendo questo sviluppo tecnologico molto recente, l’obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di analizzare quanto l’aumento della conoscenza delle reti e la disponibilità di una maggior quantità di dati di campo possano rendere più efficienti e ottimali le fasi per il contenimento delle perdite idriche, ovvero la loro quantificazione, caratterizzazione e localizzazione.
Il ruolo del monitoraggio e dello smart metering per il contenimento delle perdite idriche nei sistemi di distribuzione acquedottistici
MARZOLA, IRENE
2023
Abstract
Water distribution systems are fundamental to ensure access to drinking water, as it is essential for life. However, on one hand water demand is continuously increasing due to world population growing, while, on the other hand, water resources are decreasing due to climate changes and pollution. Therefore, water utilities are required to efficiently manage water, in order to limit its wastage as much as possible, although their networks present a critical issue that limits the conservation of water resources, namely water leakages. More specifically, a leakage is defined as the amount of water which escapes from the pipe network by means other than through a controlled action. They consist both in real water losses caused by structural failures, and in drinking water that is actually consumed but not metered, as in the case of unauthorised connections or meter errors. This serious and widespread problem has economic, social and, above all, environmental consequences, as a resource that is fundamental to life and not inexhaustible is wasted. Unfortunately, on average in Italy the amount of water lost is about the 42% of the system input. Clearly, a distribution network without leakages is an unrealistic target, both technically and economically. However, the water utility is required to use water resources more carefully and sustainably through efficient water loss control programmes. This thesis is set in the important context just described, and aims to provide an innovative approach to the techniques and methodologies already available in the literature and normally used by water utilities for leakage control. In particular, the thesis will be focused on how the digitisation, the introduction of monitoring systems and the installation of smart meters can help to reduce the volumes of water lost more efficiently. In fact, digital evolution and transformation has affected the world in the last years, impacting also on the water sector, as it is now possible to monitor in detail both the main parameters of networks by means of sensors and the users’ water consumption by means of smart meters. Because this technological development is recent, the aim of this thesis is to analyse how the increased knowledge of the networks and the availability of more field data can improve the efficiency and optimise the steps for water loss control, i.e. leakage evaluation, characterisation and localisation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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