Infectious plant diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms as well as insects and parasitic plants. With the development of agriculture, infectious plant diseases have become an increasingly significant factor affecting crop yield and economic efficiency. Due to the significant impact of plant diseases on human and animal health, and on the economy, the development of a platform to eradicate, manage, minimize the losses caused by plant pests, seems urgent. The loss of effectiveness of chemical treatments due to the development of resistance to microbicides and the environmental impact, are some of the reasons for which new control strategies need to be developed. Many chemical pesticides have been withdrawn from the market due to strict EU regulations. In addition, pesticide residues, including their metabolites and degradation products, remain in plants or soil, which becomes a significant source of contamination for crops and the environment. For this reason, "Green" policies aim to combat the use of agrochemicals in order to avoid risks to human and animal health and the environment and aim to develop high value-added products derived from or an organic agriculture, the use of which contributes to the conservation of biodiversity because, by not using chemical synthetic pesticides, it protects species and restores terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In this context, the search for alternative products with high efficiency, low cost, and low environmental impact represents a real challenge for more sustainable agriculture. The search for alternatives to the use of pollutants or antibiotics has led to the study of phytocomplexes with antimicrobial properties, as plants represent a rich source of bioactive compounds, being able to produce a wide variety of chemical compounds, such as terpenes, terpenoids, saponins, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, alkaloids and polyphenolic compounds. At the same time, the biological fight against phytopathogens has been encouraged. Apart from Bacillus spp. or Trichoderma spp., also bacteriophages may represent a new tool for approaching these diseases. The aim of this project is therefore to study natural antimicrobial compounds and bacteriophages isolated from environmental sample as a “green solution” for plant diseases management and/or as natural inducers of the host plant defense system.. All the phytocomplexes used in the study were extracted from Moringa oleifera (MO) and Magnolia officinalis, and have shown both bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties. All the compounds detected in MOEs extracts display effects on inhibition in biofilm formation processes and lead to a significant alteration of the bacterial membrane. It’s assumed that the effect is carried out at several levels: phenols are in fact capable of altering the permeability of the membrane leading to a halt in the ATP-synthesis, resulting in slowing down of all ATP-dependent functions. The modification of membrane integrity and permeability results in a considerable energy dissipation as it involves the dissipation of the action potential and the alteration of the electrochemical gradient, necessary conditions for the synthesis of ATP. This alters various ATP-dependent mechanisms, such as biofilm formation: in this way, Xanthomonas, Erwinia and Pseudomonas subjected to these energy shortages, are inhibited in their biofilm production and therefore in their pathogenicity. This approach could potentially improve agriculture sustainability, food security for rural farmers and, on the other hand, simplify greenhouse or field testing. Finally, the registration requests for new plant protection products would increase Italy's competitiveness in the Community and world markets.

Le malattie infettive delle piante sono causate da microrganismi patogeni, insetti e piante parassitarie. Con lo sviluppo dell'agricoltura, le malattie infettive sono diventate un fattore sempre più significativo che influenza la resa delle colture e, quindi, l'efficienza economica. A causa del significativo impatto di queste malattie sulla salute umana e animale, e sull'economia, lo sviluppo di una piattaforma per gestire e minimizzare le perdite causate da parassiti delle piante sembra urgente.La perdita di efficacia dei trattamenti chimici dovuta allo sviluppo della resistenza ai microbicidi, e la presa di coscienza circa il loro impatto ambientale, sono alcune delle ragioni per le quali è necessario sviluppare nuove strategie. Molti pesticidi chimici sono stati ritirati dal mercato a causa di severe normative UE, e, inoltre, i residui di pesticidi, compresi i loro metaboliti e prodotti di degradazione, rimangono nelle piante o nel suolo, il che diventa una fonte significativa di contaminazione per le colture e l'ambiente. Per questo motivo, le politiche "verdi" mirano a combattere l'uso di prodotti chimici al fine di evitare rischi per la salute umana e animale e per l'ambiente e mirano a sviluppare prodotti ad alto valore aggiunto derivati da un'agricoltura biologica, il cui uso contribuisce alla conservazione della biodiversità perché, non utilizzando pesticidi sintetici chimici, protegge le specie e aiuta nel ripristino degli ecosistemi terrestri e acquatici. In questo contesto, la ricerca di prodotti alternativi ad alta efficienza, a basso costo e a basso impatto ambientale rappresenta una vera sfida per un'agricoltura più sostenibile. La ricerca di alternative all'uso di inquinanti/antibiotici ha portato allo studio di fitocomplessi con proprietà antimicrobiche, in quanto le piante rappresentano una ricca fonte di composti bioattivi, potendo produrre un'ampia varietà di composti chimici, quali terpeni, terpenoidi, saponine, glucosinolati, isotiocianati, alcaloidi e polifenoli. Allo stesso tempo, è stata incoraggiata la lotta biologica contro i fitopatogeni. Anche i batteriofagi, virus dei batteri, possono rappresentare un nuovo strumento per avvicinarsi a queste malattie. Lo scopo di questo progetto è quello di studiare composti antimicrobici di derivazione naturale e batteriofagi isolati da campioni ambientali come soluzione “green" per la gestione delle malattie delle piante e/o come induttori naturali del sistema di difesa della pianta ospite.Tutti i fitocomplessi utilizzati nello studio sono stati estratti dalla Moringa oleifera e Magnolia officinalis, e hanno dimostrato proprietà batteriostatiche e battericide. Tutti i composti rilevati mostrano effetti sull'inibizione nei processi di formazione del biofilm e portano a una significativa alterazione della permeabilità della membrana batterica. Si ipotizza che l'effetto sia effettuato su diversi livelli: i fenoli sono infatti in grado di alterare la permeabilità della membrana portando ad un arresto della sintesi dell'ATP, con conseguente rallentamento di tutte le funzioni dipendenti dall'ATP. La modifica dell'integrità e permeabilità della membrana comporta una notevole dissipazione di energia in quanto comporta la dissipazione del potenziale d'azione e l'alterazione del gradiente elettrochimico, condizioni necessarie per la sintesi dell'ATP. Questo altera vari meccanismi dipendenti dall'ATP, come la formazione di biofilm: in questo modo, Xanthomonas, Erwinia e Pseudomonas sottoposti a queste carenze di energia, sono inibiti nella loro produzione di biofilm e quindi nella loro patogenicità. Questo approccio potrebbe potenzialmente migliorare la sostenibilità dell'agricoltura, la sicurezza alimentare per gli agricoltori rurali e, d'altra parte, semplificare i test in serra o sul campo. Infine, le richieste di registrazione di nuovi prodotti fitosanitari aumenterebbero la competitività dell'Italia sui mercati comunitari e mondiali.

APPROCCI NATURALI CONTRO I BATTERI FITOPATOGENI - SOSTANZE NATURALI E BATTERIOFAGI COME STRUMENTO CONTRO LE MALATTIE DELLE PIANTE

FONTANA, Riccardo
2023

Abstract

Infectious plant diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms as well as insects and parasitic plants. With the development of agriculture, infectious plant diseases have become an increasingly significant factor affecting crop yield and economic efficiency. Due to the significant impact of plant diseases on human and animal health, and on the economy, the development of a platform to eradicate, manage, minimize the losses caused by plant pests, seems urgent. The loss of effectiveness of chemical treatments due to the development of resistance to microbicides and the environmental impact, are some of the reasons for which new control strategies need to be developed. Many chemical pesticides have been withdrawn from the market due to strict EU regulations. In addition, pesticide residues, including their metabolites and degradation products, remain in plants or soil, which becomes a significant source of contamination for crops and the environment. For this reason, "Green" policies aim to combat the use of agrochemicals in order to avoid risks to human and animal health and the environment and aim to develop high value-added products derived from or an organic agriculture, the use of which contributes to the conservation of biodiversity because, by not using chemical synthetic pesticides, it protects species and restores terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In this context, the search for alternative products with high efficiency, low cost, and low environmental impact represents a real challenge for more sustainable agriculture. The search for alternatives to the use of pollutants or antibiotics has led to the study of phytocomplexes with antimicrobial properties, as plants represent a rich source of bioactive compounds, being able to produce a wide variety of chemical compounds, such as terpenes, terpenoids, saponins, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, alkaloids and polyphenolic compounds. At the same time, the biological fight against phytopathogens has been encouraged. Apart from Bacillus spp. or Trichoderma spp., also bacteriophages may represent a new tool for approaching these diseases. The aim of this project is therefore to study natural antimicrobial compounds and bacteriophages isolated from environmental sample as a “green solution” for plant diseases management and/or as natural inducers of the host plant defense system.. All the phytocomplexes used in the study were extracted from Moringa oleifera (MO) and Magnolia officinalis, and have shown both bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties. All the compounds detected in MOEs extracts display effects on inhibition in biofilm formation processes and lead to a significant alteration of the bacterial membrane. It’s assumed that the effect is carried out at several levels: phenols are in fact capable of altering the permeability of the membrane leading to a halt in the ATP-synthesis, resulting in slowing down of all ATP-dependent functions. The modification of membrane integrity and permeability results in a considerable energy dissipation as it involves the dissipation of the action potential and the alteration of the electrochemical gradient, necessary conditions for the synthesis of ATP. This alters various ATP-dependent mechanisms, such as biofilm formation: in this way, Xanthomonas, Erwinia and Pseudomonas subjected to these energy shortages, are inhibited in their biofilm production and therefore in their pathogenicity. This approach could potentially improve agriculture sustainability, food security for rural farmers and, on the other hand, simplify greenhouse or field testing. Finally, the registration requests for new plant protection products would increase Italy's competitiveness in the Community and world markets.
MANFREDINI, Stefano
MARCONI, Peggy Carla Raffaella
CAVAZZINI, Alberto
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2504898
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