Mafia-type organized crime has progressively broadened its field of action. It is now characterized by an increasingly transnational character, which goes at the same pace as the assumption of multinational, flexible and networked organizational profiles, as it has autonomous units located in territories all over the world. Alongside the purely illegal activities, Mafia-type organized crime has a massive influence in the legal economy, both in public markets (e.g. tenders and concessions in general, access to public funding) and in the private economy, thanks to relations of collaboration, collusion and complicity with the actors of the so-called grey area (i.e. the system of relations within which the interests of subjects formally operating in the legal market are intertwined with those of subjects belonging to the 'criminal world'). In order to effectively counter mafia infiltration into the legal economy, besides the preventive and repressive criminal apparatus, the legislator has introduced certain preventive measures of an administrative nature aimed at protecting the legal economy. The purpose of this research, conducted from a labour law perspective, is to investigate the interactions - and short-circuits - between this model of prevention of Mafia-type organized crime and labour law. Accordingly, several measures were selected – measures which aim at assessing the legality of companies acting in the market, and which have significant repercussions on labour and, in general, on the market itself. Such a research made it necessary to extend the perspective of the investigation to the European dimension with reference to two aspects. The first, more strictly technical-legal, relating to the compatibility of the forementioned measures with EU law (especially with the freedom of establishment and the free movement of services). The second, relating to the concrete applicability of the measures to companies that have their headquarters in a EU Member State other than Italy. The research was divided into three parts. In the first part, the regulatory framework was reconstructed. To this end, the selected measures were analysed separately, but always looking at their mutual interrelationships (both those already in place and those that are possible and/or desirable) in order to contrast the current alluvial and fragmentary nature of regulatory interventions with the pursuit of a systematic need. In the second part, the profiles of possible incompatibility of the measures under consideration with EU law and, especially, with the 'freedom to provide services' and the 'freedom of establishment' were examined. Such analysis also offered food for thought on the limits to the concrete application and the adequacy of control mechanisms on 'foreign' companies. The third part dealt with the question of the effectiveness of the measures, analyzed from an eminently labour-law perspective. The aim was to test not only the ability of these instruments to contribute to the prevention of Mafia-criminal infiltration into the economy, but also (and above all) to assess their propensity to grant spaces of protection to labour and workers, as well as to safeguard and/or promote the productivity of the companies to which they are addressed.
La criminalità organizzata di tipo mafioso ha progressivo allargato il proprio campo d’azione ed è ad oggi saldamente connotata da un carattere di sempre maggiore transnazionalità, che va di pari passo con l’assunzione di profili organizzativi di dimensione multinazionale, flessibili e reticolari, con unità autonome localizzate in territori anche lontani. Accanto alle attività prettamente illegali si registra un massiccio intervento nell’economia legale, sia nei mercati pubblici (es. appalti e concessioni in generale, accesso a finanziamenti pubblici) sia nell’economia privata, sviluppato nella maggior parte dei casi attraverso la promozione di relazioni di collaborazione, collusione e complicità con gli attori della c.d. area grigia (ovvero il sistema di relazioni all’interno del quale si intrecciano interessi legati a soggetti operanti formalmente nel mercato legale con quelli di soggetti appartenenti al “mondo criminale”). Per contrastare efficacemente l’infiltrazione mafiosa nell’economia legale, all’apparato preventivo e repressivo penale il legislatore ha affiancato talune misure di prevenzione di carattere amministrativo dirette ad anticipare la soglia di tutela del mercato. Lo scopo di questa ricerca, condotta in prospettiva giuslavoristica, è indagare le interazioni – e i cortocircuiti – tra tale modello di prevenzione e il diritto del lavoro. Quale oggetto di studio sono state selezionate alcune misure dirette a valutare e/o certificare preventivamente la legalità aziendale, e che presentano significative ricadute sul lavoro, sulle imprese e, in generale, sul mercato. Porsi in tale ottica ha reso necessario estendere la prospettiva di indagine alla dimensione europea con riferimento a due aspetti: il primo, più strettamente tecnico-giuridico, relativo alla compatibilità delle misure con il diritto dell’Ue (specialmente con la libertà di stabilimento e la libera circolazione dei servizi); il secondo relativo alla concreta applicabilità delle misure alle imprese che hanno la propria sede principale, non in Italia, ma in un altro Stato membro dell’Ue. La ricerca è stata suddivisa in tre parti. Nella prima parte è stato ricostruito il quadro normativo di riferimento. A tal fine, le misure selezionate sono state analizzate singolarmente, volgendo però sempre lo sguardo alle reciproche interrelazioni (sia a quelle già in essere, sia a quelle possibili e/o auspicabili) per contrapporre all’attuale carattere alluvionale e frammentario degli interventi normativi il perseguimento di un’esigenza sistematica. Nella seconda parte sono stati vagliati i profili di possibile incompatibilità delle misure in esame con il diritto dell’Ue e, specialmente, con la “libera prestazione dei servizi” e con la “libertà di stabilimento”. Tale analisi ha offerto altresì lo spunto per lo sviluppo di una riflessione sui limiti della concreta applicazione e sull’adeguatezza dei controlli sulle imprese “estere”. Nella terza parte è stata affrontata la questione dell’effettività delle misure, letta in chiave eminentemente giuslavoristica. L’obiettivo era quello di saggiare non solo (e non tanto) la capacità di tali strumenti di contribuire alla prevenzione dell’infiltrazione criminale mafiosa nell’economia, ma anche (e soprattutto) di vagliarne l’attitudine ad accordare spazi di tutela al lavoro e ai lavoratori, nonché a salvaguardare e/o promuovere la produttività delle imprese destinatarie delle stesse.
IL SISTEMA AMMINISTRATIVO DI PREVENZIONE ALL’INFILTRAZIONE DELLA CRIMINALITÀ ORGANIZZATA NELL’ECONOMIA LEGALE: TRA TUTELA DEL LAVORO E DIMENSIONE SOVRANAZIONALE
TONELLI, Riccardo
2023
Abstract
Mafia-type organized crime has progressively broadened its field of action. It is now characterized by an increasingly transnational character, which goes at the same pace as the assumption of multinational, flexible and networked organizational profiles, as it has autonomous units located in territories all over the world. Alongside the purely illegal activities, Mafia-type organized crime has a massive influence in the legal economy, both in public markets (e.g. tenders and concessions in general, access to public funding) and in the private economy, thanks to relations of collaboration, collusion and complicity with the actors of the so-called grey area (i.e. the system of relations within which the interests of subjects formally operating in the legal market are intertwined with those of subjects belonging to the 'criminal world'). In order to effectively counter mafia infiltration into the legal economy, besides the preventive and repressive criminal apparatus, the legislator has introduced certain preventive measures of an administrative nature aimed at protecting the legal economy. The purpose of this research, conducted from a labour law perspective, is to investigate the interactions - and short-circuits - between this model of prevention of Mafia-type organized crime and labour law. Accordingly, several measures were selected – measures which aim at assessing the legality of companies acting in the market, and which have significant repercussions on labour and, in general, on the market itself. Such a research made it necessary to extend the perspective of the investigation to the European dimension with reference to two aspects. The first, more strictly technical-legal, relating to the compatibility of the forementioned measures with EU law (especially with the freedom of establishment and the free movement of services). The second, relating to the concrete applicability of the measures to companies that have their headquarters in a EU Member State other than Italy. The research was divided into three parts. In the first part, the regulatory framework was reconstructed. To this end, the selected measures were analysed separately, but always looking at their mutual interrelationships (both those already in place and those that are possible and/or desirable) in order to contrast the current alluvial and fragmentary nature of regulatory interventions with the pursuit of a systematic need. In the second part, the profiles of possible incompatibility of the measures under consideration with EU law and, especially, with the 'freedom to provide services' and the 'freedom of establishment' were examined. Such analysis also offered food for thought on the limits to the concrete application and the adequacy of control mechanisms on 'foreign' companies. The third part dealt with the question of the effectiveness of the measures, analyzed from an eminently labour-law perspective. The aim was to test not only the ability of these instruments to contribute to the prevention of Mafia-criminal infiltration into the economy, but also (and above all) to assess their propensity to grant spaces of protection to labour and workers, as well as to safeguard and/or promote the productivity of the companies to which they are addressed.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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