The contribution of integrated 3D model analysis to Protoaurignacian stone tool design

Protoaurignacian foragers relied heavily on the production and use of bladelets. In southern Europe, techno-typological studies have provided insights into important aspects of cultural variability, despite new technologies have seldom been used to quantify patterns of shape variation and modification. Taking advantage of a new 3D scanning protocol and several open-source software, here we conduct the first integrated three-dimensional analysis of a Protoaurignacian assemblage with specific focus on the selection and modification of bladelets. We study a large sample of complete blades and bladelets from the early Protoaurignacian assemblage at Fumane Cave in northeastern Italy employing a 3D geometric morphometrics approach complemented by 2D analysis of cross-section outlines and computation of retouching angle. Results confirm that bladelets were the main focus of stone knapping at the site. Among modified bladelets, various retouching techniques were applied to achieve distinct shape objectives. We suggest that the unique features of bladelets with direct bilateral retouch convey distinctive tool functions that need to be further explore incorporating use-wear studies.