T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive malignant hematological disorder arising in the thymus from T-cell progenitors. T-ALL mainly affects children and young adults, and remains fatal in 20% of adolescents and 25% of adults, despite progress in polychemotherapy protocols. Therefore, innovative-targeted therapies are needed for patients with poor prognosis. Aberrant activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is a common event in T-ALL patients and portends a poor prognosis. Recent findings have highlighted that constitutively active phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway upregulates cell proliferation, survival, and drug resistance. These observations lend compelling weight to the application of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in the therapy of T-ALL. Preclinical studies have highlighted that modulators of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling could have a therapeutic relevance in T-ALL. However, the best strategy for inhibiting this highly complex signal transduction pathway, is still unclear, as the pharmaceutical companies have disclosed an impressive array of small molecules targeting this signaling network at different levels. In this study we have analyzed the therapeutic potential of the novel dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BGT226, an orally bioavailable imidazoquinoline derivative, which has entered clinical trials for solid tumors and an ATP-competitive mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor Torin-2, on both T-ALL cell lines and normal T-lymphocytes samples. We found that NVP-BGT226 and Torin-2 displayed the most powerful cytotoxic effects against TALL cell lines and primary mitogenically stimulated T-lymphocytes while quiescent cells were not affected. NVP-BGT226 and Torin-2 treatment also resulted in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy. Western blots showed a dose- and time-dependent dephosphorylation of Akt and mTORC1 downstream targets in response to both drugs in T-ALL cell lines. Nevertheless, the effect of both drugs also was documented in mitogenic stimulated primary lymphocytes, while no effects there detectable in quiescent cells. We also documented that dual targeting of this pathway was significantly cytotoxic in T-ALL cells. This effect was absent in quiescent T-lymphocyte but present in mitogenically activated T-lymphocytes, at variance requiring a higher concentrations of drugs. This observation indicates that vertical inhibition at different levels of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR network could be considered as a future innovative strategy for treating T-ALL patients.
La leucemia acuta linfoblastica a cellule T (LAL-T) è una malattia ematologica maligna aggressiva derivante nel timo da progenitori delle cellule T. La LAL-T colpisce soprattutto bambini e giovani adulti, e rimane fatale nel 20% degli adolescenti e nel 25% degli adulti, nonostante i progressi nei protocolli di polichemioterapia. Pertanto, terapie innovative mirate sono necessarie per i pazienti con prognosi infausta. L’iper attivazione della via di trasduzione segnale PI3K / Akt / mTOR è un evento comune in molti pazienti e fa presagire una prognosi infausta. Recenti scoperte hanno messo in evidenza che la via di trasduzione del segnale PI3K / Akt / mTOR costitutivamente attiva leucemie acute linfoblastiche LAL-T, fa aumentare la proliferazione cellulare, la sopravvivenza, e la resistenza ai farmaci. Queste osservazioni indirizzano verso l'uso di inibitori PI3K / Akt / mTOR nella terapia di LAL-T. Studi preclinici hanno evidenziato che modulatori di PI3K / Akt / mTOR potrebbero avere un valore terapeutico in LAL-T. Tuttavia, la migliore strategia per inibire questa via di trasduzione del segnale estremamente complessa non è ancora chiara. Le aziende farmaceutiche hanno sviluppato una serie impressionante di piccole molecole farmacologiche che hanno come bersaglio questa via di trasduzione del segnale a diversi livelli. In questo studio abbiamo analizzato il potenziale terapeutico del nuovo doppio inibitore di PI3K e di mTOR, NVP-BGT226, un’imidazoquinoline derivato biodisponibile per via orale, che è entrato in studi clinici per i tumori solidi, ed il potenziale terapeutico di un nuovo inibitore mTORC1 / mTORC2, ATP-competitivo, Torin-2, sia su linee cellulari leucemiche T sia linfociti T normali. Abbiamo osservato che NVP-BGT226 e Torin-2 hanno mostrato i più potenti effetti citotossici contro tutte le linee cellulari di LALT e contro i linfociti T stimolati con stimolo mitogenico, mentre i linfociti T quiescenti non sono stati affetti dal farmaco. NVP-BGT226 e il trattamento con Torin-2 hanno portato anche ad un arresto del ciclo cellulare, all’ apoptosi e all’ autofagia. Le analisi in Western blot hanno mostrato una defosforilazione dose e tempo-dipendente dei bersagli a valle di Akt e mTORC1 in risposta a entrambi i farmaci in tutte le linee cellulari di LAL-T. Inoltre l'effetto di entrambi i farmaci è stata osservato anche in linfociti primari stimolati dalla proliferazione, mentre nessuna defosforilazione è stata rivelata in cellule quiescenti. Abbiamo anche osservato che i farmaci diretti contro 2 bersagli della via di trasduzione del segnale PI3K / Akt / mTOR hanno un’importante efficacia citotossica, rilevata anche in cellule stimolate alla proliferazione, ma non in linfociti T quiescenti (non stimolati). Questi risultati indicano che l’inibizione a diversi livelli della via di trasduzione del segnale PI3K/Akt/mTOR potrebbe essere considerata come una futura strategia innovativa per il trattamento dei pazienti affetti da LAL-T.
Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Enzymatic Activity of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway For the Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
2016
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive malignant hematological disorder arising in the thymus from T-cell progenitors. T-ALL mainly affects children and young adults, and remains fatal in 20% of adolescents and 25% of adults, despite progress in polychemotherapy protocols. Therefore, innovative-targeted therapies are needed for patients with poor prognosis. Aberrant activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is a common event in T-ALL patients and portends a poor prognosis. Recent findings have highlighted that constitutively active phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway upregulates cell proliferation, survival, and drug resistance. These observations lend compelling weight to the application of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in the therapy of T-ALL. Preclinical studies have highlighted that modulators of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling could have a therapeutic relevance in T-ALL. However, the best strategy for inhibiting this highly complex signal transduction pathway, is still unclear, as the pharmaceutical companies have disclosed an impressive array of small molecules targeting this signaling network at different levels. In this study we have analyzed the therapeutic potential of the novel dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BGT226, an orally bioavailable imidazoquinoline derivative, which has entered clinical trials for solid tumors and an ATP-competitive mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor Torin-2, on both T-ALL cell lines and normal T-lymphocytes samples. We found that NVP-BGT226 and Torin-2 displayed the most powerful cytotoxic effects against TALL cell lines and primary mitogenically stimulated T-lymphocytes while quiescent cells were not affected. NVP-BGT226 and Torin-2 treatment also resulted in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy. Western blots showed a dose- and time-dependent dephosphorylation of Akt and mTORC1 downstream targets in response to both drugs in T-ALL cell lines. Nevertheless, the effect of both drugs also was documented in mitogenic stimulated primary lymphocytes, while no effects there detectable in quiescent cells. We also documented that dual targeting of this pathway was significantly cytotoxic in T-ALL cells. This effect was absent in quiescent T-lymphocyte but present in mitogenically activated T-lymphocytes, at variance requiring a higher concentrations of drugs. This observation indicates that vertical inhibition at different levels of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR network could be considered as a future innovative strategy for treating T-ALL patients.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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