β-Estradiol 17-acetate enhances the in vitro vitality of endothelial cells isolated from the brain of patients subjected to neurosurgery

In the current landscape of endothelial cell isolation for building in vitro models of the blood-brain barrier, our work moves towards reproducing the features of the neurovascular unit to achieve glial compliance through an innovative biomimetic coating technology for brain chronic implants. We hypothesized that the autologous origin of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) is the first requirement for the suitable coating to prevent the glial inflammatory response triggered by foreign neuroprosthetics. Therefore, this study established a new procedure to preserve the in vitro viability of hBMECs isolated from gray and white matter specimens taken from neurosurgery patients. Culturing adult hBMECs is generally considered a challenging task due to the difficult survival ex vivo and progressive reduction in proliferation of these cells. The addition of 10 nM β-estradiol 17-acetate to the hBMEC culture medium was found to be an essential and discriminating factor promoting adhesion and proliferation both after isolation and thawing, supporting the well-known protective role played by estrogens on microvessels. In particular, β-estradiol 17-acetate was critical for both freshly isolated and thawed female-derived hBMECs, while it was not necessary for freshly isolated male-derived hBMECs; however, it did counteract the decay in the viability of the latter after thawing. The tumor-free hBMECs were thus cultured for up to 2 months and their growth efficiency was assessed before and after two periods of cryopreservation. Despite the thermal stress, the hBMECs remained viable and suitable for re-freezing and storage for several months. This approach of cell recovery following cryopreservation, thawing, and culture in the presence of 10 nM β-estradiol 17-acetate opens new perspectives for the use of cryopreserved autologous hBMECs as biomimetic therapeutic tools, offering the potential to avoid additional surgical sampling for each patient.