Alongside political representation, which manifests itself within Parliament, in European governance a role is played by the representation of interests, which comes into operation when private subjects sharing specific interests take action in order to condition public statements. The increase in such dynamics is not only facilitated by the structure of EU organization, but is also demanded by the institutions themselves so as to legitimate their action and improve the quality of legislative production. In reconstructing the problems related to the relationship between political representation and the representation of interests, we have limited the research field to the international commercial relationships of the EU, in view of the strength of international agreements within the EU’s hierarchy of laws, and because the development of those agreements reflects and amplifies features of the European decision-making process (the centrality of the Commission, the marginalization of Parliament, the role of lobbyists and the opacity of the process). The case study chosen is the story of negotiations between the European Union and the United States for the conclusion of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), because of the content of that agreement and the operating methods of the negotiations. The TTIP should provide an arbitration system for the resolution of disputes between investor and state (Investor-state dispute settlement, ISDS), the application of which has problematic aspects of constitutional significance, as it is aimed at the protection of certain specific private interests with consequences on the principles of equality and separation of state powers, so much so as to have caused the Commission to develop the Investment Court System (ICS), incorporated into the CETA (the agreement with Canada). Transparency is the main issue in the negotiations process, in particular as regards the content of the agreement, which aims to establish common standards through the reduction of non-tariff barriers, also made up of provisions, laws and judgments. At a national level these represent instruments for the protection of general interests, while at an international level they are instead deemed to be obstacles to free trade. The TTIP would thus touch on social and environmental issues and the protection of fundamental rights, which are difficult to reconcile with the strict confidence that informs international relations. Transparency is relevant in the creation of negotiating proposals, because of the lack of an organic and binding regulation of the relationship between stakeholders and institutions, and in the exercise of the right of access to negotiation documents with regard to the role of Parliament, the organ of democratic control over the institutions’ actions. Within European international trade relations, the marginality of Parliament (and thus the marginality of political representation as compared with the representation of interests), the marginalization of general interests and the institutions’ latitude in their choice of relevant interests correspond to the institutional system that revolves around the Commission, the centrality of private interests, the lack of criteria for determining who is entitled to attend and to the lack of binding rules to ensure transparency, with effects on the principle of equality and the protection of fundamental rights. These issues are reflected in the European integration process, in which there emerge instances of greater democracy, on a level of both form and content: this requires a clear differentiation of roles between institutions, and the establishment of greater centrality of Parliament in all policies. The recognition and the protection of fundamental rights, affirmed and defended by national Constitutions, is thus becoming more urgent.

Nell’ambito della governance europea, accanto alla rappresentanza politica, che si esprime all’interno del Parlamento, si muove la rappresentanza degli interessi attraverso l’azione di soggetti privati organizzati attorno a un interesse specifico per influenzare le decisioni politiche. Lo sviluppo di tale fenomeno è favorito dalla fisionomia dell’ordinamento dell’Unione e è sollecitato dalle istituzioni per legittimare il loro operato e migliorare la qualità del diritto. Nella ricostruzione del rapporto tra rappresentanza degli interessi e politica si è circoscritto il campo alle relazioni commerciali internazionali dell’UE, data la forza delle disposizioni degli accordi internazionali nel sistema delle fonti dell’Unione e dal momento che il procedimento di formazione di tali accordi riflette, amplificandole, le caratteristiche del procedimento decisionale europeo (centralità della Commissione, marginalità del Parlamento, ruolo dei rappresentanti di interesse e opacità del processo). Il caso di studio scelto riguarda la vicenda dei negoziati tra UE e USA per la conclusione del Trasatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). Il TTIP dovrebbe prevedere un sistema arbitrale per la risoluzione delle controversie tra investitore e Stato (Investor-State Dispute Settlement, ISDS), la cui applicazione presenta profili problematici di rilevanza costituzionale, prevedendo la tutela di alcuni interessi privati specifici con ricadute sui principî di eguaglianza e di separazione tra i poteri dello Stato, tanto da aver determinato la Commissione a elaborare l’Investment Court System (ICS), inserito nell’accordo con il Canada. La questione della trasparenza nelle trattative è risultata centrale per il contenuto dell’accordo che dovrebbe definire standard comuni, attraverso la riduzione delle barriere non tariffarie, costituite anche da provvedimenti, leggi e sentenze che a livello nazionale rappresentano strumenti di garanzia dell’interesse generale e a livello internazionale vengono intese come ostacoli al libero commercio. Il TTIP toccherebbe temi sociali, ambientali e di protezione dei diritti fondamentali, che mal si conciliano con la riservatezza che informa le relazioni internazionali. La trasparenza rileva nella fase di formazione delle proposte negoziali, in cui emerge l’assenza di una disciplina organica e vincolante del rapporto tra portatori di interessi e istituzioni, e nell’esercizio del diritto di accesso ai documenti negoziali con riguardo al ruolo del Parlamento, organo del controllo democratico sulle istituzioni. Nell’ambito delle relazioni commerciali internazionali europee al sistema istituzionale che ruota attorno alla Commissione, alla centralità degli interessi privati, alla mancanza di criteri per definire chi sia legittimato a partecipare e alla carenza di regole vincolanti per garantire la trasparenza corrispondono la marginalità del Parlamento (e quindi della rappresentanza politica rispetto alla rappresentanza degli interessi), l’emarginazione dell’interesse generale, la discrezionalità delle istituzioni nella scelta dell’interesse rilevante e dei propri interlocutori nella relazione con i rappresentanti di interessi con effetti sul principio di eguaglianza e sulla tutela dei diritti fondamentali. Tali problematiche si riflettono nel processo d’integrazione europea nel quale emergono istanze di maggiore democraticità: si rendono necessarie una chiara differenziazione dei ruoli delle istituzioni e l’affermazione di maggiore centralità del Parlamento in tutte le politiche, diventando sempre più urgenti il riconoscimento e la tutela dei diritti fondamentali, affermati e difesi dalle Costituzioni nazionali.

Governance europea e rappresentanza degli interessi

NALIN, Marta
2017

Abstract

Alongside political representation, which manifests itself within Parliament, in European governance a role is played by the representation of interests, which comes into operation when private subjects sharing specific interests take action in order to condition public statements. The increase in such dynamics is not only facilitated by the structure of EU organization, but is also demanded by the institutions themselves so as to legitimate their action and improve the quality of legislative production. In reconstructing the problems related to the relationship between political representation and the representation of interests, we have limited the research field to the international commercial relationships of the EU, in view of the strength of international agreements within the EU’s hierarchy of laws, and because the development of those agreements reflects and amplifies features of the European decision-making process (the centrality of the Commission, the marginalization of Parliament, the role of lobbyists and the opacity of the process). The case study chosen is the story of negotiations between the European Union and the United States for the conclusion of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), because of the content of that agreement and the operating methods of the negotiations. The TTIP should provide an arbitration system for the resolution of disputes between investor and state (Investor-state dispute settlement, ISDS), the application of which has problematic aspects of constitutional significance, as it is aimed at the protection of certain specific private interests with consequences on the principles of equality and separation of state powers, so much so as to have caused the Commission to develop the Investment Court System (ICS), incorporated into the CETA (the agreement with Canada). Transparency is the main issue in the negotiations process, in particular as regards the content of the agreement, which aims to establish common standards through the reduction of non-tariff barriers, also made up of provisions, laws and judgments. At a national level these represent instruments for the protection of general interests, while at an international level they are instead deemed to be obstacles to free trade. The TTIP would thus touch on social and environmental issues and the protection of fundamental rights, which are difficult to reconcile with the strict confidence that informs international relations. Transparency is relevant in the creation of negotiating proposals, because of the lack of an organic and binding regulation of the relationship between stakeholders and institutions, and in the exercise of the right of access to negotiation documents with regard to the role of Parliament, the organ of democratic control over the institutions’ actions. Within European international trade relations, the marginality of Parliament (and thus the marginality of political representation as compared with the representation of interests), the marginalization of general interests and the institutions’ latitude in their choice of relevant interests correspond to the institutional system that revolves around the Commission, the centrality of private interests, the lack of criteria for determining who is entitled to attend and to the lack of binding rules to ensure transparency, with effects on the principle of equality and the protection of fundamental rights. These issues are reflected in the European integration process, in which there emerge instances of greater democracy, on a level of both form and content: this requires a clear differentiation of roles between institutions, and the establishment of greater centrality of Parliament in all policies. The recognition and the protection of fundamental rights, affirmed and defended by national Constitutions, is thus becoming more urgent.
BIN, Roberto
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488304
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