The objective of this thesis is to increase the knowledge of interactions between chromium- tolerance and sulfate metabolism. Object of the study were two strains of the green algae Scenedesmus acutus with different sensitivity to hexavalent chromium. From previous works we know that in S. acutus a period of S-starvation induces a transient increase in chromium tolerance which allows cell growth at normally inhibiting Cr(VI) concentrations. It is known that photosyntetic organisms subject to sulfur deprivation enhance the uptake and/or assimilation rate of extracellular sulphate, optimize the use of the intracellular sulfur shifting to enzymes and proteins with a reduced number of sulfur-containing aminoacids and modulate many metabolic pathways as well as growth rates and cell division. The sulfate uptake/assimilation is regulated by the demand of reduced sulfur containg compounds, nutrient availability and environmental conditions. In order to assess whether the differences between the two strains of S. acutus, responsible for the different chromium-tolerance and the transient tolerance increase determined by sulfur-deprivation, were due to a different induction of the enzymes involved in the sulfate assimilation pathway we tried to isolate the corresponding coding genes. We also considered genes coding for two superoxide dismutases, which are numbered among the first enzymes involved in general stress response in plants. In S. acutus sulfur deprivation induces the activation of only some of the sulfate assimilation pathway genes we have examined. In particular, after 24h sulfur deprivation, we observed an increase in the transcripts of ATS2 (ATP sulfurylase 2), APR (APS reductase) and OASTL1 (O-acetylserine-(thiol)-lyase, whereas the transcripts for OASTL3 and the regulator SAC3 (Sulfur Acclimation protein 3) remain unchanged. Among the genes affected by S-starvation, we have thoroughly investigated APR, indicated by many Authors as the key enzyme of the sulfate assimilation pathway. Our data, indicate that albeit APR is subject to the positive feedback when reduced sulfur containing molecules are lacking, it is apparently not regulated by negative feedback when these molecules are available. It is therefore likely that the sulfate assimilation pathway in S. acutus, is controlled in an APR upstream or downstream step, as occurs in other organisms. We then analyzed how the first enzyme in the pathway, ATP sulfurylase, was affected both by S-starvation and chromium treatment. S. acutus has two isoforms of this enzyme, ATS1 and ATS2: the first has a higher and more stable transcript level, whereas the second seems less transcribed in standard conditions and inducible by sulfur shortage. If a different level of ATS2 transcription could partly explain the different chromium sensitivity of the two strains, the activation of FeSOD (Fe-superoxide Dismutase) following nutritional stress, may play an important role in the transient tolerance induced by sulfur deprivation. The activation of this enzyme, seems greater affected by the nutritional stress rather than by metal exposure. The significantly higher levels of FeSOD and ATS2 in the Cr-tolerant strain than in the wild type, seems to indicate that this strain has to constantly cope with a nutritional stress condition, and this could make it more reactive than the wild type in responding to other stresses.

L’obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è approfondire la conoscenza dei meccanismi di cromo- tolleranza in relazione al metabolismo del solfato. Per i nostri studi sono stati utilizzati due ceppi dell’alga verde Scenedesmus acutus con differente sensibilità al cromo esavalente. Da lavori precedenti sappiamo che un periodo di deprivazione di zolfo determina in S. acutus un aumento transiente di tolleranza al cromo che ne consente la crescita a concentrazioni di Cr(VI) normalmente inibenti. Sappiamo dalla letteratura che a seguito di deprivazione di zolfo gli organismi fotosintetici aumentano la loro capacità di trasportare e/o assimilare il solfato extracellulare, ottimizzano l’uso dello zolfo intracellulare preferendo enzimi e proteine con un ridotto numero di residui solforati e modulano i processi metabolici e i tassi di crescita e divisione cellulare. L’assorbimento e l’assimilazione del solfato sono regolati dalla richiesta di zolfo ridotto, dalla disponibilità dei nutrienti e dalle condizioni ambientali. Per valutare se le differenze tra i due ceppi di Scendesmus acutus, responsabili della diversa tolleranza al cromo e dell’incremento di tolleranza transiente che si riscontra a seguito di coltura in terreno privo di zolfo, fossero dovute ad una diversa induzione di enzimi coinvolti nel pathway di assimilazione del solfato si è tentato di isolarne i geni codificanti. Sono stati inoltre considerati i geni codificanti per due superossido dismutasi, che sono tra i primi enzimi coinvolti nella risposta generica allo stress negli organismi vegetali. La deprivazione di zolfo determina in S. acutus l’attivazione solo di alcuni dei geni del pathway di assimilazione del solfato che abbiamo esaminato. In particolare, mentre a seguito di deprivazione di zolfo per 24h rimangono invariati i trascritti del regolatore SAC3 (Sulfur ACclimation protein 3) e di OASTL3 (O-acetilserina(tiolo)liasi 3), abbiamo osservato un aumento in quelli di ATS2 (ATP solforilasi 2), di APR (APS reduttasi) e di OASTL1. Tra questi, abbiamo indagato in maniera più approfondita APR, da molti indicato l’enzima chiave di regolazione dell’intero pathway di assimilazione del solfato, i nostri dati, però, indicano che APR sia soggetto al feedback positivo che regola il pathway in condizioni di carenza di prodotti contenenti zolfo ridotto, ma non a feedback negativo da parte degli stessi. É probabile quindi che in S. acutus, come in altri organismi, il controllo del pathway possa trovarsi a monte o a valle di APR. Abbiamo quindi analizzato le variazioni dovute a S- starvation e trattamento con cromo a carico del primo enzima del pathway, l’ATP solforilasi, per la quale S. acutus possiede due isoforme, ATS1 e ATS2: la prima presenta un trascritto più elevato e stabile, invece la seconda sembra meno trascritta in condizioni normali e inducibile in carenza di zolfo. Se una differenza a livello di ATS2 potrebbe in parte contribuire a spiegare la diversa sensibilità al cromo dei due ceppi, un ruolo importante nell’aumento transiente di tolleranza osservata a seguito di deprivazione di zolfo può essere dovuto all’attivazione della FeSOD (Fe-superossido dismutasi) a seguito dello stress nutrizionale che sembra avere un effetto maggiore anche di quello dovuto alla esposizione al metallo. I livelli significativamente maggiori di FeSOD e di ATS2 riscontrati nel cromo-tollerante rispetto al wild type, fanno ipotizzare che questo ceppo si trovi costantemente in una condizione di stress nutrizionale e che questa condizione lo renda più reattivo nella risposta agli stress rispetto al wild type.

Cromo-tolleranza in rapporto al metabolismo del solfato nell’alga verde Scenedesmus acutus

SARDELLA, Alessio
2017

Abstract

The objective of this thesis is to increase the knowledge of interactions between chromium- tolerance and sulfate metabolism. Object of the study were two strains of the green algae Scenedesmus acutus with different sensitivity to hexavalent chromium. From previous works we know that in S. acutus a period of S-starvation induces a transient increase in chromium tolerance which allows cell growth at normally inhibiting Cr(VI) concentrations. It is known that photosyntetic organisms subject to sulfur deprivation enhance the uptake and/or assimilation rate of extracellular sulphate, optimize the use of the intracellular sulfur shifting to enzymes and proteins with a reduced number of sulfur-containing aminoacids and modulate many metabolic pathways as well as growth rates and cell division. The sulfate uptake/assimilation is regulated by the demand of reduced sulfur containg compounds, nutrient availability and environmental conditions. In order to assess whether the differences between the two strains of S. acutus, responsible for the different chromium-tolerance and the transient tolerance increase determined by sulfur-deprivation, were due to a different induction of the enzymes involved in the sulfate assimilation pathway we tried to isolate the corresponding coding genes. We also considered genes coding for two superoxide dismutases, which are numbered among the first enzymes involved in general stress response in plants. In S. acutus sulfur deprivation induces the activation of only some of the sulfate assimilation pathway genes we have examined. In particular, after 24h sulfur deprivation, we observed an increase in the transcripts of ATS2 (ATP sulfurylase 2), APR (APS reductase) and OASTL1 (O-acetylserine-(thiol)-lyase, whereas the transcripts for OASTL3 and the regulator SAC3 (Sulfur Acclimation protein 3) remain unchanged. Among the genes affected by S-starvation, we have thoroughly investigated APR, indicated by many Authors as the key enzyme of the sulfate assimilation pathway. Our data, indicate that albeit APR is subject to the positive feedback when reduced sulfur containing molecules are lacking, it is apparently not regulated by negative feedback when these molecules are available. It is therefore likely that the sulfate assimilation pathway in S. acutus, is controlled in an APR upstream or downstream step, as occurs in other organisms. We then analyzed how the first enzyme in the pathway, ATP sulfurylase, was affected both by S-starvation and chromium treatment. S. acutus has two isoforms of this enzyme, ATS1 and ATS2: the first has a higher and more stable transcript level, whereas the second seems less transcribed in standard conditions and inducible by sulfur shortage. If a different level of ATS2 transcription could partly explain the different chromium sensitivity of the two strains, the activation of FeSOD (Fe-superoxide Dismutase) following nutritional stress, may play an important role in the transient tolerance induced by sulfur deprivation. The activation of this enzyme, seems greater affected by the nutritional stress rather than by metal exposure. The significantly higher levels of FeSOD and ATS2 in the Cr-tolerant strain than in the wild type, seems to indicate that this strain has to constantly cope with a nutritional stress condition, and this could make it more reactive than the wild type in responding to other stresses.
TORELLI, Anna
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488279
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