The Orofacial clefts (OFC), including Cleft Lip w/o Palate (CL/P) and Cleft Palate only (CPO) are the fourth most common birth defect. They occur as syndromic and nonsyndromic (nsCL/P and nsCPO), and have a multifactorial etiology. Their birth prevalence varies with sex, with CL/P being common in males and CP on the contrary are common in females. In the present thesis we factored sex differences, alongside common phenomenon’s affecting the cleft etiology and help value the sex dependent endogenous differences in nsOFC. Our first approach was the family based association analysis, to explore genes-sex influence on the susceptibility of nsOFC. We genotyped nsCL/P case-parent trios from EUROCRAN and ITALCLEFT studies, for selected transforming growth factor A (TGFA), TGFA/Taq1/4nt and TGFA/11nt insertion deletion. We observed a sex dependent association of TGFA/taq1/4nt variant in developing nsCL/P, with an opposite effects in male and female infants. The work was further extended to nsCPO group, where we checked lysyl oxidase like 3 (LOXL3) and Grainyhead like 3 (GRHL3) in the susceptibility of developing nsCPO and tested for gene-sex and gene-environment interaction. For this, we genotyped nsCPO case-parents trios for selected variants in the two genes. We observed no significant segregation of minor allele for LOXL3. Whereas the GRHL3 showed a significant segregation of minor allele. Moreover, there appeared a female biased risk for both LOXL3 and GRHL3 variant. For both tested genes there was no risk with mothers genotype. The risk of both gene-variant was influenced by infants genotype, with a threefold increased risk for GRHL3 variant for homozygous infants. Furthermore, for LOXL3 variant, the mothers environment factors showed no evidence of nsCPO risk with infant genotype, while GRHL3 variant showed significant risk to infants born to mothers without folic acid supplementation and smoking. The interaction of the fetal genes with the mothers intra-uterine environment is a critical window for proper development of the fetus, where any disruptions or modifications can influence fetal development as well can lead to birth related anomalies such as NTDs, CHDs and nsOFC. We checked changes in global LINE-1 DNA methylation on the closest possible tissue (lip) involved in the etiology of cleft. A significantly increased in methylation on the medial side was observed. We also observed significant scores inclined to males born to non-folic acid supplemented mothers. The outcome of the present study entails the importance of epigenetic modification and opens a new directional window in the etiology of cleft. This study is the first to explore methylation status in human cleft lip and warrants replications with a larger set of samples. An advantage of CL/P lip tissue bank, directed us to different level from genetic to histology, where we explored sex dependent differences in the orbicularis oris (OO) muscle fibre diameter on the lateral and medial sides of the cleft lip. We observed no significant change in the muscle fibre diameter for the two cleft sides. However, the medial side of male against female appeared significant, with males having smaller muscle diameter compared to females. Both family based association study, entails sex based segregation of minor allele, consolidating our emphasis of sexual dimorphism in gene association studies of nsOFC, which is generally ignored. Moreover the epigenetic study throws light on sex based modification of genes, reflecting that the two sexes can respond differently to the mothers in-utero environment. In addition our histological evaluation on OO muscle diameter in the two sexes further validate the endogenous sex based differences observed in the nsOFC. Based on our result it appears reasonable to suggest differential gene regulation mechanism in two sexes that can influences human phenotypes, including reproductive, physiological and disease traits, such as OFC.

Le Schisi Orofacciali (OFC), comprendenti le labio/Palatoschisi (CL/P) e le Palatoschisi (CPO) sono quarte più frequenti malformazioni congenite. Si presentano prevalentemente in forma non-sindromica (nsCL/P e nsCPO), con eziologia multifattoriale. La loro prevalenza alla nascita varia a seconda del sesso: le CL/P sono più comuni tra i maschi, mentre le CP sono più comuni tra le femmine. Nel presente studio abbiamo esplorato il ruolo delle differenze di sesso nella eziologia delle OFC non sindromiche (nsOFC), con indagini genetiche, epigenetiche ed istologiche. Lo studio genetico ha utilizzato triadi genitori-figlio affetto degli studi EUROCRAN e ITALCLEFT. Abbiamo analizzato due varianti comuni del gene TGFA (Transforming growth factor α) (TGFA/Taq1/4nt del e TGFA/11nt ins/del), osservando che la variante TGFA/Taq1/4nt del associa a rischoi di nsCL/P in modo opposto nei maschi rispetto alle femmine.Lo studio genetico è stato esteso a indagini specifiche per le forme di nsCPO studiando varianti funzionali nei geni LOXL3 (Lysyl oxidase like 3) e GRHL3 (Grainyhead like 3). I risultati hanno evidenziato una significativa segregazione asimmetrica degli alleli minori della variante di GRHL3 ma non di LOXL3. L’associazione è risultata essere influenzata dal genere del figlio affetto, con un rischio di nsCPO aumentato di tre volte negli omozigoti recessivi ed significativamente associata alla mancata supplementazione in gravidanza con acido folico o alla esposizione al fumo di tabacco.L'interazione dei geni fetali con l'ambiente intrauterino materno è un elemento critico che condiziona il corretto sviluppo del feto, ed alterate combinazioni genotipo-ambiente possono portare ad anomalie di sviluppo, quali i difetti di chiusura del tubo neurale, patologie cardiache congenite e nsOFC. Utilizzando una biobanca di campioni di tessuto labiale da casi di nsCL/P, abbiamo eseguito per la prima volta indagini epigenetiche analizzando i livelli di metilazione genomica globale (promotore di LINE-1) nei tessuti adiacenti alla schisi. Abbiamo osservato un significativo aumento di metilazione sul lato mediale del labbro superiore rispetto al lato laterale. La differenza è risultata particolarmente evidente nei maschi nati da madri che durante la gravidanza non hanno praticato la supplementazione con acido folico.I risultati di questo studio, seppur preliminari, evidenziano l'importanza dell’epigenetica nell’eziologia delle nsCL/P ed aprono la strada a nuove e più estese indagini.Utilizzando la biobanca tissutale abbiamo analizzato le dimensioni delle fibre muscolari dell’orbicularis oris (OO) in casi di nsCL/P. Non abbiamo osservato differenze tra i due lati della schisi. Tuttavia, il lato mediale nei maschi è risultato con fibre di diametro significativamente minore rispetto alle femmine. L’indagine non ha rilevato alcuna significativa differenza di diametro tra le fibre muscolari del lato mediale e quelle del lato laterale della schisi. Tuttavia, confrontando il valori rilevati nei due sessi, è risultato che nei maschi la sezione delle fibre muscolari nel lato mediale è significativamente più piccola rispetto a quella osservata nelle femmine.In conclusione, entrambi gli studi genetici in triadi nsOFC hanno prodotto risultati di associazione sesso-specifica, dando enfasi al ruolo del dimorfismo sessuale negli studi di associazione genetica di nsOFC. I risultati dello studio epigenetico evidenziano livelli di metilazione influenzati dal sesso e dipendenti dalla supplementazione con acido folico. Infine, l’analisi del diametro delle fibre muscolari del OO nei due sessi consolida ulteriormente le differenze endogene di sesso osservate nei casi con nsOFC. Nel complesso, i risultati conseguiti suggeriscono l’esistenza differenze nei due sessi nello sviluppo del labbro. Queste differenze sesso-specifiche potrebbero essere estese anche ad altri distretti anatomici, ed avere un ruolo anche in altre anomalie congenite.

Studio genetico, epigenetico e istologico delle schisi orofacciali: influenza del sesso nella predisposizione alla malattia

KHAN, MOHAMMAD FAISAL JAMAL
2017

Abstract

The Orofacial clefts (OFC), including Cleft Lip w/o Palate (CL/P) and Cleft Palate only (CPO) are the fourth most common birth defect. They occur as syndromic and nonsyndromic (nsCL/P and nsCPO), and have a multifactorial etiology. Their birth prevalence varies with sex, with CL/P being common in males and CP on the contrary are common in females. In the present thesis we factored sex differences, alongside common phenomenon’s affecting the cleft etiology and help value the sex dependent endogenous differences in nsOFC. Our first approach was the family based association analysis, to explore genes-sex influence on the susceptibility of nsOFC. We genotyped nsCL/P case-parent trios from EUROCRAN and ITALCLEFT studies, for selected transforming growth factor A (TGFA), TGFA/Taq1/4nt and TGFA/11nt insertion deletion. We observed a sex dependent association of TGFA/taq1/4nt variant in developing nsCL/P, with an opposite effects in male and female infants. The work was further extended to nsCPO group, where we checked lysyl oxidase like 3 (LOXL3) and Grainyhead like 3 (GRHL3) in the susceptibility of developing nsCPO and tested for gene-sex and gene-environment interaction. For this, we genotyped nsCPO case-parents trios for selected variants in the two genes. We observed no significant segregation of minor allele for LOXL3. Whereas the GRHL3 showed a significant segregation of minor allele. Moreover, there appeared a female biased risk for both LOXL3 and GRHL3 variant. For both tested genes there was no risk with mothers genotype. The risk of both gene-variant was influenced by infants genotype, with a threefold increased risk for GRHL3 variant for homozygous infants. Furthermore, for LOXL3 variant, the mothers environment factors showed no evidence of nsCPO risk with infant genotype, while GRHL3 variant showed significant risk to infants born to mothers without folic acid supplementation and smoking. The interaction of the fetal genes with the mothers intra-uterine environment is a critical window for proper development of the fetus, where any disruptions or modifications can influence fetal development as well can lead to birth related anomalies such as NTDs, CHDs and nsOFC. We checked changes in global LINE-1 DNA methylation on the closest possible tissue (lip) involved in the etiology of cleft. A significantly increased in methylation on the medial side was observed. We also observed significant scores inclined to males born to non-folic acid supplemented mothers. The outcome of the present study entails the importance of epigenetic modification and opens a new directional window in the etiology of cleft. This study is the first to explore methylation status in human cleft lip and warrants replications with a larger set of samples. An advantage of CL/P lip tissue bank, directed us to different level from genetic to histology, where we explored sex dependent differences in the orbicularis oris (OO) muscle fibre diameter on the lateral and medial sides of the cleft lip. We observed no significant change in the muscle fibre diameter for the two cleft sides. However, the medial side of male against female appeared significant, with males having smaller muscle diameter compared to females. Both family based association study, entails sex based segregation of minor allele, consolidating our emphasis of sexual dimorphism in gene association studies of nsOFC, which is generally ignored. Moreover the epigenetic study throws light on sex based modification of genes, reflecting that the two sexes can respond differently to the mothers in-utero environment. In addition our histological evaluation on OO muscle diameter in the two sexes further validate the endogenous sex based differences observed in the nsOFC. Based on our result it appears reasonable to suggest differential gene regulation mechanism in two sexes that can influences human phenotypes, including reproductive, physiological and disease traits, such as OFC.
RUBINI, Michele
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488255
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