Pompe disease is a severe neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the lysosomal enzyme acid -glucosidase (GAA), which result in the pathological accumulation of glycogen in all tissues. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is available for Pompe disease, however it has only limited efficacy, high immunogenicity, and fails to correct nervous tissue and muscle groups more refractory to cross-correction. Using bioinformatics analysis and protein engineering, we developed secretable GAA transgenes for enhanced cross-correction of Pompe disease via adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector liver gene transfer. Pompe mice were treated with AAV vectors optimized for hepatic expression of secretable GAA transgenes and followed for up to 10 months post-gene transfer. Gene transfer resulted in dose- and time- dependent whole-body correction of both the biochemical and functional defects in muscle, central nervous system and spinal cord, with normalization of cardiac hypertrophy, muscle and respiratory function, and survival undistinguishable from wild-type littermates. In these experiments, secretable GAA transgenes showed superior therapeutic efficacy and markedly low immunogenicity compared with their native GAA counterpart. Scale up to non-human primates, and modeling of GAA expression in primary hepatocytes using novel AAV vector serotypes, demonstrate the therapeutic potential of AAV vector-mediated liver expression of secretable GAA transgenes, and support the feasibility of the approach in Pompe patients. Considering that immunogenicity of recombinant human acid-alpha glucosidase (rhGAA) in enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a safety and efficacy concern in the management of late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD), long-term effects of ERT on humoral and cellular responses to GAA are still poorly understood. To better understand the impact of immunogenicity of rhGAA on the efficacy of ERT, clinical data and blood samples from LOPD patients undergoing ERT for more than 4 years or untreated were collected and analyzed. In treated LOPD patients, anti-GAA antibodies peaked within the first 1000 days of ERT, while long-term exposure to rhGAA resulted in clearance of antibodies with residual production of non-neutralizing IgG. Analysis of T cell responses to rhGAA showed detectable T cell reactivity only after in vitro restimulation. Upregulation of several cytokines and chemokines was detectable both treated and untreated LOPD subjects, while IL2 secretion was detectable only in subjects who received ERT. These results indicate that long-term ERT in LOPD patients results in a decrease in antibody titers and residual production of non-inhibitory IgGs. Immune responses to GAA following long-term ERT do not seem to affect efficacy of ERT and are consistent with an immunomodulatory effect possibly mediated by regulatory T cells.

La malattia di Pompe è una malattia neuromuscolare grave causata da mutazioni nell’enzima lisosomiale -glucosidasi acida (GAA), le quali determinano l'accumulo patologico di glicogeno in tutti i tessuti. La terapia di sostituzione enzimatica (ERT) è disponibile per la suddetta malattia, ma essa ha solo una limitata efficacia, mentre mostra un’elevata immunogenicità, e non riesce a correggere gruppi di tessuti muscolari e nervosi più refrattari alla cross-csorrezione. Usando l'analisi bioinformatica e ingegnerizzando l’enzima, abbiamo sviluppato transgeni GAA secrenibili per una maggiore cross-correzione della malattia di Pompe tramite virus adeno associati (AAV) attraverso l’espressione epato-specifica della GAA. I topi Pompe sono stati trattati con vettori AAV ottimizzati per l'espressione dei transgeni secrenibili della GAA e fatto un follow-up di 10 mesi. Il trasferimento genico ha evidenziato una correzione dose e tempo dipendente di entrambi i difetti biochimici e funzionali nei muscoli, sistema nervoso centrale e del midollo spinale, con normalizzazione di ipertrofia cardiaca, muscolare e funzione respiratoria, e la sopravvivenza indistinguibile dai topi wild-type. In questi esperimenti, transgeni GAA secernibili hanno mostrato un’efficacia terapeutica superiore e decisamente una bassa immunogenicità rispetto alla loro controparte GAA non secreta. La dimostrazione di un grande potenziale terapeutico e’ evidenziata dal fatto che l’AAV iniettato in primati era in grado di eprimere e secernere discreti livelli di GAA in circolo, ed utilizzando nuovi serotipi di AAV potevamo esprimere la GAA anche in epatociti primari. Considerando che l'immunogenicità della -glucosidasi acida ricombinante (rhGAA) nella terapia enzimatica sostitutiva (ERT) è un problema cosi come l'efficacia nella gestione della malattia di Pompe nei pazienti adulti (LOPD), effetti a lungo termine del ERT sulle risposte umorali e cellulari alla GAA sono ancora poco compresi. Per capire meglio l'impatto dell’immunogenicità del rhGAA sull'efficacia della ERT, dati clinici e campioni di sangue di pazienti LOPD sottoposti a ERT per più di 4 anni o non trattati sono stati raccolti e analizzati. Nei pazienti trattati LOPD, anticorpi anti-GAA avevano un picco entro i primi 1000 giorni di ERT, mentre l'esposizione a lungo termine per rhGAA comportava una clearance degli anticorpi con una produzione residua di IgG non neutralizzanti. Analisi di risposte delle cellule T al rhGAA mostravano una rilevabile reattività delle cellule T solo dopo una ristimolazione in vitro. Incremento di diverse citochine e chemochine era rilevabile sia in soggetti LOPD trattati e non trattati, mentre la secrezione di IL-2 era rilevabile solo nei soggetti che avevano ricevuto ERT. Questi risultati indicano che l’ERT a lungo termine in pazienti LOPD comporta una diminuzione dei titoli anticorpali ed una produzione residua di IgG non inibitorie. Una risposta immunitaria alla GAA a lungo termine in soggetti sottoposti a ERT non sembra influenzare l'efficacia della terapia e sono coerenti con un effetto immunomodulante eventualmente mediata da cellule T regolatorie.

Safety and efficacy of gene therapy for Pompe disease

PUZZO, Francesco
2017

Abstract

Pompe disease is a severe neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the lysosomal enzyme acid -glucosidase (GAA), which result in the pathological accumulation of glycogen in all tissues. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is available for Pompe disease, however it has only limited efficacy, high immunogenicity, and fails to correct nervous tissue and muscle groups more refractory to cross-correction. Using bioinformatics analysis and protein engineering, we developed secretable GAA transgenes for enhanced cross-correction of Pompe disease via adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector liver gene transfer. Pompe mice were treated with AAV vectors optimized for hepatic expression of secretable GAA transgenes and followed for up to 10 months post-gene transfer. Gene transfer resulted in dose- and time- dependent whole-body correction of both the biochemical and functional defects in muscle, central nervous system and spinal cord, with normalization of cardiac hypertrophy, muscle and respiratory function, and survival undistinguishable from wild-type littermates. In these experiments, secretable GAA transgenes showed superior therapeutic efficacy and markedly low immunogenicity compared with their native GAA counterpart. Scale up to non-human primates, and modeling of GAA expression in primary hepatocytes using novel AAV vector serotypes, demonstrate the therapeutic potential of AAV vector-mediated liver expression of secretable GAA transgenes, and support the feasibility of the approach in Pompe patients. Considering that immunogenicity of recombinant human acid-alpha glucosidase (rhGAA) in enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a safety and efficacy concern in the management of late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD), long-term effects of ERT on humoral and cellular responses to GAA are still poorly understood. To better understand the impact of immunogenicity of rhGAA on the efficacy of ERT, clinical data and blood samples from LOPD patients undergoing ERT for more than 4 years or untreated were collected and analyzed. In treated LOPD patients, anti-GAA antibodies peaked within the first 1000 days of ERT, while long-term exposure to rhGAA resulted in clearance of antibodies with residual production of non-neutralizing IgG. Analysis of T cell responses to rhGAA showed detectable T cell reactivity only after in vitro restimulation. Upregulation of several cytokines and chemokines was detectable both treated and untreated LOPD subjects, while IL2 secretion was detectable only in subjects who received ERT. These results indicate that long-term ERT in LOPD patients results in a decrease in antibody titers and residual production of non-inhibitory IgGs. Immune responses to GAA following long-term ERT do not seem to affect efficacy of ERT and are consistent with an immunomodulatory effect possibly mediated by regulatory T cells.
BERNARDI, Francesco
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488225
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