Wound age evaluation is one of the hardest challenges for the forensic pathologist when asked to establish the vitality of a skin lesion since, especially at the very beginning of the healing process, traditional histological and immunohistochemical examinations may not provide solid objective evidence. Consequently, research into the numerous biological substances involved in the process of wound repair has been carried out over the years to identify increasingly reliable biomarkers even in the very early stages of the healing process and advanced techniques have been applied to generate data with enhanced accuracy and objectivity. Since miRNAs play a pivotal role in regulating the expression of key proteins that control the complex inflammatory response and since, after wounding, the mRNA levels of cytokines and enzymes typically change sooner than protein levels and the histomorphology, we proceeded to investigate whether the expression of some selected miRNAs was modified in ligature marks (patterned abrasion caused by ligature material) in death by hanging. At the same time, we acknowledged that gross and histological examination of these marks may sometimes be unreliable and may mislead the forensic pathologist into concluding as to whether they are due to hanging or post-mortem suspension of the body. In this study, the expression of a panel of miRNAs was investigated in skin specimens derived from autopsy cases of death due to hanging, to clarify and to discuss their significance in assessing whether hanging marks and signs occurred before or after the death of the victim. Specimens (hanging marks and control skin), corresponding to skin cross-sections of 1.5 to 4.0 cm, were collected during medico-legal autopsies. A total of 39 skin samples from ligature marks and 15 samples from non-injured skin of subjects who had died by suicidal hanging were analyzed. To further assess the possible effects of degradation on miRNA profiling success, 26 skin samples from hanging ligature marks, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) before use, were collected for the study. Specimens were extracted using the miRNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen®) and miRNeasy FFPE kit (Qiagen®) according to the manufacturer’s protocols. Multiplexed cDNA synthesis was performed using the miScript II RT kit® (Qiagen®). The study showed a statistically significant increase, in term of expression, for miR-125a-5p and miR-125b-5p. Furthermore, miR-150-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-23-3p, miR-let7a-3p (p<0.01) and miR-let7d-3p, miR- let7c-3p, miR-let7e-3p, miR-222-3p, miR-214-3p, miR-205-5p, miR-92a-3p, miR-103a-3p (p<0.05) were also overexpressed. The results obtained showed an increase in the expression of miRNAs recognized as regulators of the inflammatory response in skin lesions such as miR125a-5p and miR125b-5p. Furthermore, overexpression of additional miRNAs (miR214a-3p, miR128-3p, miR130a-3p, miR122-5p and miR92a-3p) with anti-inflammatory activity was highlighted; however, it was possible to document a statistical significance compared with control skin samples only for miR214a-3p, miR130a-3p and miR92a-3p.

La datazione cronologica di una ferita rappresenta una delle sfide più difficili ed affascinanti per il patologo forense. In modo particolare, proprio quando viene chiesto allo stesso di stabilire la vitalità di una lesione cutanea in quanto, proprio nelle prime fasi del processo di rigenerazione, gli esami istologici ed immunoistochimici tradizionali potrebbero non fornire solide prove oggettive. In conseguenza di ciò, negli anni, sono stati compiuti numerosi studi coinvolgenti le numerose molecole biologiche coinvolte nel processo di riparazione delle ferite, allo scopo di identificare biomarcatori sempre più affidabili e proprio nelle fasi precoci del processo di guarigione. Inoltre, i predetti studi hanno visto l’applicazione di tecniche avanzate, allo scopo di produrre dati accurati e robusti. In relazione al fatto che i microRNA (miRNAs) svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nella regolazione dell'espressione di proteine chiave coinvolte nella risposta infiammatoria, si è proceduto a verificare sperimentalmente se l'espressione di alcuni miRNA specifici risultasse essere modificata proprio analizzando da un punto di vista molecolare il solco (abrasione classica determinata dal materiale utilizzato per la produzione del cappio) prodotto nella morte per impiccagione. Allo stesso tempo, è stato dimostrato come l'esame grossolano ed istologico di tali lesioni possa in alcune circostanze risultare inaffidabile ed indurre in errore il patologo forense a concludere sul fatto che possano essere determinati da sospensione o sospensione post mortem del corpo. L’obiettivo dello studio proposto è stato quello di studiare l'espressione di un pannello di miRNA in campioni di pelle derivati da casi autoptici di morte per impiccamento, allo scopo di comprendere e differenziare se tali lesioni si fossero verificate prima o successivamente rispetto alla morte del soggetto. I campioni utilizzati nel presente studio (cute del solco e campioni di controllo) erano rappresentati da sezioni trasversali di 1.5-4.0 cm di tessuto, prelevate durante le procedure autoptiche. Sono stati prelevati un totale 39 campioni di cute del solco in soggetti la cui causa di morte è stata riconosciuta quale asfissia meccanica acuta da impiccamento (13 conservati in congelatore, 26 fissati in formalina e inclusi in paraffina). A questi 39 campioni si aggiungono 15 controlli di cute sana (9 prelevati dalla regione addominale di 9 dei soggetti deceduti per impiccamento, 6 dalla stessa regione di soggetti deceduti per altra causa). L’ estrazione dei miRNAs è stata condotta utilizzando i kit miRNeasy mini® e RNeasy FFPE® kit (Qiagen®). La fase di retrotrascrizione delle molecole di miRNA è stata operata utilizzando il kit miScript II RT (Qiagen®). I risultati ottenuti hanno mostrato un aumento statisticamente significativo dell'espressione dei miRNA riconosciuti quali regolatori della risposta infiammatoria in lesioni cutanee e rappresentati da miR125a-5p e miR125b-5p. Lo studio ha mostrato un aumento statisticamente significativo, in termini di espressione genica, per i marcatori identificati nel miR-125a-5p e miR-125b-5p. Inoltre, è stata osservata un’iper-espressione per i marcatori miR-150-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-23-3p, miR-let7a-3p (p<0,01) e miR-let7d-3p, miR-let7c-3p, miR-let7e-3p, miR-222-3p, miR-214-3p, miR-205-5p, miR-92a-3p, miR-103a-3p (p<0,05). I risultati ottenuti hanno mostrato un aumento statisticamente significativo dell'espressione dei miRNA riconosciuti quali regolatori della risposta infiammatoria in lesioni cutanee e rappresentati da miR125a-5p e miR125b-5p.

LESIONI DI INTERESSE MEDICO-LEGALE: ESPRESSIONE DI MARCATORI miRNA NEL SOLCO CUTANEO DI SOGGETTI IMPICCATI

FABBRI, Matteo
2021

Abstract

Wound age evaluation is one of the hardest challenges for the forensic pathologist when asked to establish the vitality of a skin lesion since, especially at the very beginning of the healing process, traditional histological and immunohistochemical examinations may not provide solid objective evidence. Consequently, research into the numerous biological substances involved in the process of wound repair has been carried out over the years to identify increasingly reliable biomarkers even in the very early stages of the healing process and advanced techniques have been applied to generate data with enhanced accuracy and objectivity. Since miRNAs play a pivotal role in regulating the expression of key proteins that control the complex inflammatory response and since, after wounding, the mRNA levels of cytokines and enzymes typically change sooner than protein levels and the histomorphology, we proceeded to investigate whether the expression of some selected miRNAs was modified in ligature marks (patterned abrasion caused by ligature material) in death by hanging. At the same time, we acknowledged that gross and histological examination of these marks may sometimes be unreliable and may mislead the forensic pathologist into concluding as to whether they are due to hanging or post-mortem suspension of the body. In this study, the expression of a panel of miRNAs was investigated in skin specimens derived from autopsy cases of death due to hanging, to clarify and to discuss their significance in assessing whether hanging marks and signs occurred before or after the death of the victim. Specimens (hanging marks and control skin), corresponding to skin cross-sections of 1.5 to 4.0 cm, were collected during medico-legal autopsies. A total of 39 skin samples from ligature marks and 15 samples from non-injured skin of subjects who had died by suicidal hanging were analyzed. To further assess the possible effects of degradation on miRNA profiling success, 26 skin samples from hanging ligature marks, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) before use, were collected for the study. Specimens were extracted using the miRNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen®) and miRNeasy FFPE kit (Qiagen®) according to the manufacturer’s protocols. Multiplexed cDNA synthesis was performed using the miScript II RT kit® (Qiagen®). The study showed a statistically significant increase, in term of expression, for miR-125a-5p and miR-125b-5p. Furthermore, miR-150-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-23-3p, miR-let7a-3p (p<0.01) and miR-let7d-3p, miR- let7c-3p, miR-let7e-3p, miR-222-3p, miR-214-3p, miR-205-5p, miR-92a-3p, miR-103a-3p (p<0.05) were also overexpressed. The results obtained showed an increase in the expression of miRNAs recognized as regulators of the inflammatory response in skin lesions such as miR125a-5p and miR125b-5p. Furthermore, overexpression of additional miRNAs (miR214a-3p, miR128-3p, miR130a-3p, miR122-5p and miR92a-3p) with anti-inflammatory activity was highlighted; however, it was possible to document a statistical significance compared with control skin samples only for miR214a-3p, miR130a-3p and miR92a-3p.
NERI, Margherita
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488203
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