War dominated modern European history from the beginning of the sixteenth century up to the Vienna Congress. As the size of armies increased war became ever more sophisticated and reliant on scientific discoveries and technological innovation. This need gave rise in many countries to the creation of military schools devoted to the study of artillery and fortifications. Over half of the XVIII century saw Europe involved in a series of bloody wars which were also played out on the Italian peninsula. After thirty years of peace, other twenty-three years of wars occurred in Europe between 1792 and 1815 to limit, above all, the spread of revolutionary ideas in France, then Napoleon. One of the protagonists during the Spanish War of Succession was Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736), who was famous for having led the Imperial army in the Balkan wars against the Turks. Prince Eugene, followed by Frederick II, King of Prussia and Napoleon Bonaparte, contributed to reshaping the military through an increased use of erudite men trained in artillery and engineering from the early seventeen hundreds to the beginning of the nineteenth century. Mathematical teaching has always had a role to play in the cultural education of those men who chose to make a career in the military. For many years, however, in-depth studies regarding the geometry of fortifications and mechanics connected to the use of ever more efficient firearms, had been a matter of personal study of important mathematical treatises. The first institutionalized forms of mathematical teaching for future officers was to be found in the ecclesiastical colleges of Catholic Europe, particularly those belonging to the Jesuits, which were devoted to the formation of the ruling classes, which included the military. It was not until the beginning of the XVII century that institutions were set up esclusively for the formation of military cadres. From the mid sixteen hundreds, artilliary became a question of paramount importance. Development and progress in military techniques gave rise to the need to form new cadres with skills in topography, allowing them to fully exploit the morphological features of the land, as well as specialized knowledge enabling them to plan fortifications and make the best use of artillery. Technical-military schools were, therefore, set up to provide a professional formation of the required number of military cadets for the army, through teaching focussed on mathematics and physics. The present work is aimed at examining the teaching of mathematics in the context of military education in Italy in both the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth; the focus is on aspects such as the establishment and organisation of the main technical-military schools designed to form artillery and engineering corps, in an attempt to highlight the important role played by mathematics in this context, thanks to developments in its applications to the advancement of military skills. The study is further enhanced by an analysis of the work carried out in these schools by the leading mathematicians and the main texts used by their pupils. The work is divided into two parts, the first of which is devoted to eighteenth century military education in the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of Naples and the Serenissima Republic of Venice. The second section covers the Napoleonic period with an emphasis on military education in Piedmont during French occupation and the creation of artillery schools in Turin and Alessandria, the military schools of the Cisalpine Republic (Modena and Pavia), and, finally, the Neapolitan schools of the period.

Tutta la storia moderna dell’Europa dagli inizi del Cinquecento al Congresso di Vienna è una storia quasi ininterrotta di guerre. Esse furono combattute con un crescente ricorso alle scoperte scientifiche e alle innovazioni tecnologiche. In eserciti sempre più numerosi si rese necessario orientarsi tra scienza e tecnica sempre più raffinate. Da qui derivò in diversi paesi la creazione di scuole militari appositamente dedicate all’artiglieria e alle fortificazioni. Più della metà del secolo XVIII vide l’Europa insaguinata da una serie di grandi guerre delle quali la penisola italiana fu più volte teatro. Dopo trent’anni di pace si ebbero ancora ventritre anni di guerre europee (1792-1815): prima per limitare il contagio delle idee rivoluzionarie in Francia, poi contro Napoleone. Protagonista delle battaglie in Italia durante la Guerra di successione Spagnola era stato Eugenio di Savoia-Soisson (1663-1736), celebre per aver diretto le armate imperiali nelle guerre balcaniche contro i Turchi. Il principe Eugenio, e dopo di lui, Federico II di Prussia e poi Napoleone Bonaparte, contribuirono a riscrivere l’arte militare con un crescente ricorso alle armi dotte: l’artiglieria e il genio. Da qui l’aver centrato questo lavoro tra gli inizi del Settecento e gli inizi dell’Ottocento. Gli insegnamenti matematici hanno sempre fatto parte del bagaglio culturale di chi faceva delle armi un mestiere. Tuttavia, per molto tempo, l’approfondimento di questioni di geometria, di meccanica legata all’uso di armi da fuoco sempre più efficienti, e di geometria delle fortificazioni, era operato attraverso forme di autoapprendimento, ricorrendo allo studio dei grandi trattati di matematica. Dalla metà del Seicento l’artiglieria iniziò ad assumere una fondamentale importanza. Dallo sviluppo e dal perfezionamento della tecnologia militare derivava l’esigenza di formare nuovi quadri che sapessero sfruttare le caratteristiche morfologiche del terreno con la conoscenza della topografia, fossero in grado di progettare opere di fortificazione e di valorizzare al meglio l’impiego dell’artiglieria. Furono allora create scuole tecnico-militari idonee a preparare professionalmente il numero di cadetti necessario alla milizia, con programmi d’insegnamento concentrati sulle discipline matematiche e fisiche. Il presente lavoro ha l’intenzione di esaminare gli insegnamenti matematici nell’istruzione militare in Italia nel Settecento e nel primo Ottocento, soffermandosi sulla nascita, l’organizzazione e il funzionamento delle principali scuole a carattere tecnico-militare dedicate all’addestramento dei corpi di artiglieria e genio, sorte in tale periodo, cercando di dare rilievo al ruolo che la matematica, da sempre, ha rivestito in questo settore grazie ai suoi sviluppi applicativi all’arte di fare la guerra, anche attraverso un’analisi dell’attività ivi svolta dai principali matematici che insegnarono in tali scuole e dei principali testi di riferimento utilizzati dai loro allievi. L’esposizione, suddivisa in due parti, sarà dapprima dedicata al Settecento, ponendo l’accento sull’istruzione militare del Regno di Sardegna, del Regno di Napoli e della Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia. Seguirà poi la trattazione relativa al periodo napoleonico, focalizzandosi sulla situazione dell’istruzione militare piemontese durante l’occupazione francese e sulla creazione delle scuole di artiglieria di Torino ed Alessandria, sulle scuole militari della Repubblica Cisalpina (Modena e Pavia), e, infine, su quelle napoletane di quel periodo.

INSEGNAMENTI MATEMATICI NELLE SCUOLE MILITARI IN ITALIA DA EUGENIO DI SAVOIA A NAPOLEONE

PATERGNANI, Elisa
2018

Abstract

War dominated modern European history from the beginning of the sixteenth century up to the Vienna Congress. As the size of armies increased war became ever more sophisticated and reliant on scientific discoveries and technological innovation. This need gave rise in many countries to the creation of military schools devoted to the study of artillery and fortifications. Over half of the XVIII century saw Europe involved in a series of bloody wars which were also played out on the Italian peninsula. After thirty years of peace, other twenty-three years of wars occurred in Europe between 1792 and 1815 to limit, above all, the spread of revolutionary ideas in France, then Napoleon. One of the protagonists during the Spanish War of Succession was Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736), who was famous for having led the Imperial army in the Balkan wars against the Turks. Prince Eugene, followed by Frederick II, King of Prussia and Napoleon Bonaparte, contributed to reshaping the military through an increased use of erudite men trained in artillery and engineering from the early seventeen hundreds to the beginning of the nineteenth century. Mathematical teaching has always had a role to play in the cultural education of those men who chose to make a career in the military. For many years, however, in-depth studies regarding the geometry of fortifications and mechanics connected to the use of ever more efficient firearms, had been a matter of personal study of important mathematical treatises. The first institutionalized forms of mathematical teaching for future officers was to be found in the ecclesiastical colleges of Catholic Europe, particularly those belonging to the Jesuits, which were devoted to the formation of the ruling classes, which included the military. It was not until the beginning of the XVII century that institutions were set up esclusively for the formation of military cadres. From the mid sixteen hundreds, artilliary became a question of paramount importance. Development and progress in military techniques gave rise to the need to form new cadres with skills in topography, allowing them to fully exploit the morphological features of the land, as well as specialized knowledge enabling them to plan fortifications and make the best use of artillery. Technical-military schools were, therefore, set up to provide a professional formation of the required number of military cadets for the army, through teaching focussed on mathematics and physics. The present work is aimed at examining the teaching of mathematics in the context of military education in Italy in both the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth; the focus is on aspects such as the establishment and organisation of the main technical-military schools designed to form artillery and engineering corps, in an attempt to highlight the important role played by mathematics in this context, thanks to developments in its applications to the advancement of military skills. The study is further enhanced by an analysis of the work carried out in these schools by the leading mathematicians and the main texts used by their pupils. The work is divided into two parts, the first of which is devoted to eighteenth century military education in the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of Naples and the Serenissima Republic of Venice. The second section covers the Napoleonic period with an emphasis on military education in Piedmont during French occupation and the creation of artillery schools in Turin and Alessandria, the military schools of the Cisalpine Republic (Modena and Pavia), and, finally, the Neapolitan schools of the period.
PEPE, Luigi
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488202
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