This dissertation is conceived as a comprehensive report of the results obtained during the three years of doctorate study within a project on the adsorption/desorption of VOCs from aqueous solutions by means of a zeolite ZSM-5. This work is part of a wider project co-funded by the Italian Ministry for University and Research (MIUR; PRIN project “SoWaZe”, prot. 2010EARRRZ 009) which started from a previous scientific collaboration with the Research Center for Non-Conventional Energy – Istituto Eni Donegani Environmental Technologies. The drawback of the strong and rapid development of the chemical and agrochemical industries is a release of a large number of pollutants in the environment. The aquatic ecosystem is vulnerable because it is frequently a recipient of these toxic compounds. Indeed, water reserves represented by groundwater are seriously compromised in many industrial areas, in particular in districts hosting petrochemical activities and oil industry. For this reason, the occurrence of fuel-based pollutants in the aquatic environment has been recognized as one of the global emerging issues. The growing interest in the pollutants removal from natural water derives from their harmful effects on the environment and on the biotic communities even at very low concentrations. In light of this, a big challenge is to look for eco-friendly adsorbent materials, having a good performance/price ratio. As a matter of fact, some of these materials have been already employed in technologies with low environmental impact and high efficiency to overthrow the pollution of hydrocarbon cycle. As in the case of PRBs for water treatment, it has been demonstrated that adsorption technologies are an efficient removal process for several solutes. Hydrophobic zeolites are environmentally compatible materials, which have been employed as adsorbents for the removal of contaminants from water bodies. Due to their chemical-physical and structural features, zeolites represent fundamental adsorbents for the recovery of groundwater polluted by organic contaminants, such as chlorinated compounds and hydrocarbons. This exciting context is further enriched by the fact that, once the saturation is reached, these materials can be easily regenerated by thermal processes without changing their initial features and they can be re-used several times. On the basis of the above statements, the combination of chromatographic, diffractometric and thermogravimetric techniques has been employed to investigate the adsorptive-desorptive properties of hydrophobic synthetic zeolite as well as the temperature dependence of the desorption processes.Finally, the understanding of the competitive behaviour of adsorbed pollutants in binary mixture and/or in presence of humic acids and the adsorption capacity of the regenerated zeolites have been tested. Specifically, in situ HT synchrotron XRPD (time-resolved) was used as a tool to understand the features of organophilic ZSM-5 zeolite (SiO2/Al2O3 ~ 280) when 1,2-DCE, TOL, and MTBE (both as single component as well as binary mixtures) are adsorbed and desorbed. The structural modifications of ZSM-5 zeolite are monitored through thermal treatment from room temperature to 600°C. The results achieved by means of Rietveld refinements of the investigated compounds highlight the “out-of-equilibrium effects” that govern the adsorption/desorption dynamic conditions in ZSM-5 powders. In addition, the whole process takes advantage from the complementary use of both in situ XRPD and gas-chromatography experimental techniques.
Il presente elaborato riporta in modo esteso i risultati ottenuti nel corso del dottorato di ricerca riguardo il processo di adsorbimento/desorbimento di VOCs, disciolti in soluzione acquosa, operato da campioni di zeolite ZSM-5.La forte e rapida crescita delle industrie chimiche ed agrochimiche ha avuto un impatto negativo dovuto al rilascio nell’ambiente di ingenti quantitativi di inquinanti. In particolare, il sistema acquatico risulta essere molto vulnerabile in quanto spesso recettore primario di questi contaminanti tossici. Infatti la qualità delle riserve d’acqua, costituite dalle acque di falda, è seriamente compromessa soprattutto nelle zone su cui sorgono e si sviluppano industrie petrolifere e petrolchimiche. Per questa ragione, la presenza di contaminanti organici nelle acque è stata riconosciuta come una delle problematiche globali emergenti e la rimozione di questi inquinanti una questione di grande interesse. La sfida attuale è quella di ricercare un materiale adsorbente eco-compatibile che mostri un buon rapporto efficacia/prezzo da utilizzare in tecnologie di environmental remediation, al fine di ridurre l’inquinamento da idrocarburi. Nel trattamento delle acque, le tecnologie di adsorbimento, quali le PRBs, sono risultate efficienti nel processo di rimozione di alcuni soluti. In particolare, le zeoliti a carattere idrofobico vengono impiegate nella rimozione di contaminanti disciolti nei corpi idrici. Grazie alle loro proprietà chimico-fisiche e strutturali, le zeoliti sono materiali di importanza strategica quando utilizzate nella rimozione di composti organici quali ad esempio clorurati e idrocarburi. Uno degli aspetti che ha suscitato maggiore interesse in ambito scientifico ed industriale è la rigenerazione di questi materiali mediante trattamento termico. Sulla base di quanto riportato, grazie all’utilizzo combinato di diverse tecniche quali la cromatografia, la diffrazione da polveri e le analisi termiche ci si propone di capire in modo dettagliato quali siano le capacità e le proprietà di adsorbimento/desorbimento di zeoliti sintetiche a carattere idrofobico ed organofilico. Altro obiettivo è la determinazione, a livello atomistico, degli effetti indotti dal trattamento termico su questi materiali. Inoltre, lo studio dell'adsorbimento di miscele di inquinanti fornisce informazioni specifiche sia sui possibili comportamenti di tipo competitivo sia sulla selettività della zeolite in presenza di acidi umici, nella soluzione acquosa. L’ultimo punto prevede sarà anche di testare la capacità di adsorbimento di alcuni campioni rigenerati. L‘analisi in situ HT XRPD e le analisi cromatografiche sono tecniche fra di loro complementari e si integrano nel supportare i risultati ottenuti. In particolare, la tecnica HT-XRPD effettuata in situ mediante luce di sincrotrone è usata in questo lavoro come chiave di lettura per comprendere il processo di adsorbimento/desorbimento nella zeolite ZSM-5 di 1,2-DCE, TOL ed MTBE adsorbiti da soluzione acquosa sia singolarmente sia come miscele binarie. Allo stesso modo questa tecnica permette di monitorare le modificazioni strutturali che intervengono nei campioni di zeolite durante il trattamento termico, in un intervallo di temperatura compreso tra i 25 e i 600°C. I risultati, ottenuti dall’analisi strutturale Rietveld dei dati raccolti in rampa, permettono di evidenziare gli effetti “lontano dall’equilibrio” dei processi di adsorbimento/desorbimento nei campioni di ZSM-5 in condizioni dinamiche.
ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION OF FUEL-BASED COMPOUNDS FROM WATER THROUGH SYNTHETIC ZEOLITE ZSM-5
RODEGHERO, Elisa
2017
Abstract
This dissertation is conceived as a comprehensive report of the results obtained during the three years of doctorate study within a project on the adsorption/desorption of VOCs from aqueous solutions by means of a zeolite ZSM-5. This work is part of a wider project co-funded by the Italian Ministry for University and Research (MIUR; PRIN project “SoWaZe”, prot. 2010EARRRZ 009) which started from a previous scientific collaboration with the Research Center for Non-Conventional Energy – Istituto Eni Donegani Environmental Technologies. The drawback of the strong and rapid development of the chemical and agrochemical industries is a release of a large number of pollutants in the environment. The aquatic ecosystem is vulnerable because it is frequently a recipient of these toxic compounds. Indeed, water reserves represented by groundwater are seriously compromised in many industrial areas, in particular in districts hosting petrochemical activities and oil industry. For this reason, the occurrence of fuel-based pollutants in the aquatic environment has been recognized as one of the global emerging issues. The growing interest in the pollutants removal from natural water derives from their harmful effects on the environment and on the biotic communities even at very low concentrations. In light of this, a big challenge is to look for eco-friendly adsorbent materials, having a good performance/price ratio. As a matter of fact, some of these materials have been already employed in technologies with low environmental impact and high efficiency to overthrow the pollution of hydrocarbon cycle. As in the case of PRBs for water treatment, it has been demonstrated that adsorption technologies are an efficient removal process for several solutes. Hydrophobic zeolites are environmentally compatible materials, which have been employed as adsorbents for the removal of contaminants from water bodies. Due to their chemical-physical and structural features, zeolites represent fundamental adsorbents for the recovery of groundwater polluted by organic contaminants, such as chlorinated compounds and hydrocarbons. This exciting context is further enriched by the fact that, once the saturation is reached, these materials can be easily regenerated by thermal processes without changing their initial features and they can be re-used several times. On the basis of the above statements, the combination of chromatographic, diffractometric and thermogravimetric techniques has been employed to investigate the adsorptive-desorptive properties of hydrophobic synthetic zeolite as well as the temperature dependence of the desorption processes.Finally, the understanding of the competitive behaviour of adsorbed pollutants in binary mixture and/or in presence of humic acids and the adsorption capacity of the regenerated zeolites have been tested. Specifically, in situ HT synchrotron XRPD (time-resolved) was used as a tool to understand the features of organophilic ZSM-5 zeolite (SiO2/Al2O3 ~ 280) when 1,2-DCE, TOL, and MTBE (both as single component as well as binary mixtures) are adsorbed and desorbed. The structural modifications of ZSM-5 zeolite are monitored through thermal treatment from room temperature to 600°C. The results achieved by means of Rietveld refinements of the investigated compounds highlight the “out-of-equilibrium effects” that govern the adsorption/desorption dynamic conditions in ZSM-5 powders. In addition, the whole process takes advantage from the complementary use of both in situ XRPD and gas-chromatography experimental techniques.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Open Access dal 22/04/2018
Descrizione: E. Rodeghero-Dissertation
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