The last twenty years undoubtedly represented a very tumultuous run for the agrifood markets worldwide. Mergers and acquisitions (especially at the processing and retail levels) have raised worries about concentration level within the agro-food industry about market power exertion, and the following inefficient distribution of value. Recent international agricultural commodities price fluctuations have been pass-through along food chains, whereas the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) moved towards a strong liberalization of the agricultural markets. Disentangling how these two events framed price transmission mechanisms in European agricultural markets is a priority for policymakers and the academic community, allowing for a better understanding of the food sector functioning. The analysis of vertical price transmission dynamics has attracted considerable interest among agricultural economists. Indeed, prices are the first link among market economic agents, driving both strategic and structural decisions. Unveiling price transmission dynamics deepens the understanding of how the chain works, spotting inefficiencies, and draw hypothesis over the source of such inefficient behaviors. Facilitating the understanding on which agents of the supply chain the burden of price changes is taking place, provides a basis for policy assessment and contributes to the debate of the distributional effects in the food system. The dairy sector represents a fascinating argument, both for its economic importance and for being the most intervened agricultural sector under the CAP. Dairy farmers are claiming the distribution system is eroding their margins through the exertion of market power. The interrelation with the cereal markets – being cereals and oil crops raw inputs for bovine feeding, and accruing for more than a half of milk production costs in Italy – makes the system even more complex, since the 2007 commodity price increase opened up a fierce debate over the causes of such rise. The CAP featured important reforms since the 2000s, aimed at a liberalizing the European agricultural markets. Applying non-structural time series econometric models, this Thesis offers an analysis of the Italian milk supply chain, discovering price transmission processes considering three different macro-arguments (i.e., the role of distributors, the CAP liberalization reforms, and the effect of market (non) fundamentals) approached with three different econometric models. Firstly, we analyzed the PT mechanism between the processing and distribution phases, accounting for the conventional fluid milk and its organic counterpart. We relied on a unique retail-scanner price dataset accruing for a quality-differenced product, two aspects providing new insights both on the functioning of the distribution level and niche markets. Long and short-run behaviors describe different mechanisms of transmission according to specific structures of the two different retailing systems. Accounting for CAP reforms (i.e., structural breaks) in the cointegrating relationship, we investigated the price transmission process between industrial processors and retailers, disentangling how reforms impacted the process. Results indicate the set of reforms eliminated asymmetries, although the increase in price volatility hampered the speed of adjustment of the market to the equilibrium. Finally, a more flexible approach has been designed to investigate the impact of a wide range of variables, both exogenous and endogenous, on the vertical price transmission mechanism between Italian maize and Italian compound feed for dairy cows. Considering energy-related price series for both crude oil and biofuels, as well as financial-related variables, we conclude that non-fundamentals have negligible effects on the mechanism of transmission concerning the Italian scenario, while market fundamentals (i.e., supply and demand) still play a relevant role in shaping price cycles.

Gli ultimi vent'anni hanno rappresentato un periodo di forte cambiamento per i mercati agroalimentari mondiali. Le diverse fusioni e acquisizioni hanno generato preoccupazioni circa il livello di concentrazione lungo le filiere agroalimentari e la conseguente inefficiente distribuzione del valore. Le recenti fluttuazioni dei prezzi delle materie prime agricole a livello mondiale sono state trasmesse ai diversi mercati agricoli Europei, mentre la Politica Agricola Comune (PAC) si è mossa verso una forte liberalizzazione degli stessi mercati. Capire in che modo questi due eventi hanno impattato i meccanismi di trasmissione di prezzo rappresenta una priorità per i policymaker come per la comunità scientifica. L'analisi delle dinamiche di trasmissione di prezzo ha suscitato quindi un notevole interesse tra gli economisti agrari. I prezzi rappresentano il primo anello di congiunzione tra i vari agenti delle filiere, guidando decisioni sia strategiche che strutturali. Per questo motivo si rivela uno strumento fondamentale per la descrizione del funzionamento delle filiere e delle relazioni tra gli agenti che le compongono, individuando e formulando ipotesi sulle fonti di inefficienza. Inoltre, permette di capire quali sono gli agenti maggiormente colpiti dai cambiamenti di prezzo, fornendo una solida base per lo sviluppo e la valutazione delle politiche e della distribuzione del valore. Il settore lattiero-caseario rappresenta un mercato affascinante, sia per la sua importanza economica, sia per rappresentare un settore agricolo di forti interventi di politica Europea. Da un lato, i produttori di latte affermano come un sistema distributivo fortemente concentrato stia erodendo i loro margini, mentre la forte dipendenza dai mercati cerealicoli (input primari per l'alimentazione dei bovini che rappresentano più della metà dei costi di trasformazione) rende il sistema ancora più complesso. Infine, la PAC ha conosciuto, dal 200 ad oggi, importanti riforme volte a liberalizzare i mercati agricoli europei, che non hanno risparmiato il settore lattiero-caseario. Attraverso l’applicazione di tre diversi modelli non strutturali di serie temporali per le tre diverse macro-aree descritte, la presente tesi vuole offrire un'analisi della filiera italiana del latte. In un primo capitolo viene analizzata la trasmissione di prezzo tra l’industria di trasformazione e la distribuzione moderna, tenendo conto del latte convenzionale e della sua controparte biologica. Attraverso l’uso di un dataset unico di prezzi scanner, i risultati forniscono nuovi spunti riguardo le strategie e le dinamiche dell’anello distributivo, così come sul funzionamento di un mercato di nicchia come il latte biologico. Successivamente, tenendo conto delle riforme PAC, viene studiato nuovamente il processo di trasmissione dei prezzi tra i trasformatori industriali e la distribuzione, concludendo come le riforme abbiano eliminato le asimmetrie ma aumentato la volatilità, ostacolando la velocità di aggiustamento del mercato al suo equilibrio di lungo periodo. Infine, attraverso un approccio più flessibile che tiene conto di eventuali interruzioni nella relazione di cointegrazione, è stato indagato l’impatto di un'ampia gamma di variabili, di tipo sia esogeno che endogeno rispetto al mercato di riferimento, sul meccanismo di trasmissione verticale dei prezzi tra il mais italiano e il mangime composto destinato alle vacche da latte. Considerando diverse serie di prezzi di tipo esogeno ed endogeno, si è rilevato come i cosiddetti non-fondamentali del mercato abbiano effetti trascurabili, mentre variabili afferenti ai fondamentali di mercato svolgano ancora un ruolo rilevante nella definizione dei cicli di prezzo nel mercato mangimistico Italiano.

Vertical Price Transmission in the Italian Milk Supply Chain: Understanding the Role of Distributors, CAP Reforms, and Market (Non) Fundamentals.

ANTONIOLI, Federico
2018

Abstract

The last twenty years undoubtedly represented a very tumultuous run for the agrifood markets worldwide. Mergers and acquisitions (especially at the processing and retail levels) have raised worries about concentration level within the agro-food industry about market power exertion, and the following inefficient distribution of value. Recent international agricultural commodities price fluctuations have been pass-through along food chains, whereas the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) moved towards a strong liberalization of the agricultural markets. Disentangling how these two events framed price transmission mechanisms in European agricultural markets is a priority for policymakers and the academic community, allowing for a better understanding of the food sector functioning. The analysis of vertical price transmission dynamics has attracted considerable interest among agricultural economists. Indeed, prices are the first link among market economic agents, driving both strategic and structural decisions. Unveiling price transmission dynamics deepens the understanding of how the chain works, spotting inefficiencies, and draw hypothesis over the source of such inefficient behaviors. Facilitating the understanding on which agents of the supply chain the burden of price changes is taking place, provides a basis for policy assessment and contributes to the debate of the distributional effects in the food system. The dairy sector represents a fascinating argument, both for its economic importance and for being the most intervened agricultural sector under the CAP. Dairy farmers are claiming the distribution system is eroding their margins through the exertion of market power. The interrelation with the cereal markets – being cereals and oil crops raw inputs for bovine feeding, and accruing for more than a half of milk production costs in Italy – makes the system even more complex, since the 2007 commodity price increase opened up a fierce debate over the causes of such rise. The CAP featured important reforms since the 2000s, aimed at a liberalizing the European agricultural markets. Applying non-structural time series econometric models, this Thesis offers an analysis of the Italian milk supply chain, discovering price transmission processes considering three different macro-arguments (i.e., the role of distributors, the CAP liberalization reforms, and the effect of market (non) fundamentals) approached with three different econometric models. Firstly, we analyzed the PT mechanism between the processing and distribution phases, accounting for the conventional fluid milk and its organic counterpart. We relied on a unique retail-scanner price dataset accruing for a quality-differenced product, two aspects providing new insights both on the functioning of the distribution level and niche markets. Long and short-run behaviors describe different mechanisms of transmission according to specific structures of the two different retailing systems. Accounting for CAP reforms (i.e., structural breaks) in the cointegrating relationship, we investigated the price transmission process between industrial processors and retailers, disentangling how reforms impacted the process. Results indicate the set of reforms eliminated asymmetries, although the increase in price volatility hampered the speed of adjustment of the market to the equilibrium. Finally, a more flexible approach has been designed to investigate the impact of a wide range of variables, both exogenous and endogenous, on the vertical price transmission mechanism between Italian maize and Italian compound feed for dairy cows. Considering energy-related price series for both crude oil and biofuels, as well as financial-related variables, we conclude that non-fundamentals have negligible effects on the mechanism of transmission concerning the Italian scenario, while market fundamentals (i.e., supply and demand) still play a relevant role in shaping price cycles.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488119
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