In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) prognostic-predictive markers stratify patients into risk categories characterized by similar clinical course and treatment response. The study of specific cytogenetic lesions in FISH and the mutational status of TP53 and IGHV identifies the essential markers to refine prognosis and guides the optimal therapeutic choice. The complex karyotype (CK), defined by the presence of at least 3 chromosomal aberrations, is an independent prognostic marker, predictive of refractoriness to chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) and new agents, whose role in CLL prognostication is emerging. This thesis contains studies focusing the role of this marker. In a first retrospective study on 335 treatment naïve CLL patients, it has been shown that CK and multiple comorbidities have a negative prognostic impact on overall survival (OS), independently from the CLL-IPI score (p=0.002 and p=0.001, respectively), and that CK has also a negative impact on time to first treatment (TTFT) (p=0.012). This study was followed by a review of the literature on the biological basis underlying the development of CK and its prognostic and predictive value in CLL. In a third work carried out on 90 untreated CLL patients with CK, it was investigated the prognostic relevance of qualitative chromosomal alterations (monosomies, trisomies, deletions, balanced translocations, unbalanced rearrangements) and quantitative (≥5 anomalies), and they were related to clinical-biological parameters. This study found that unbalanced rearrangements are associated with higher incidences of TP53 aberrations (p=0.014), monosomies (p=0.004) and the presence of ≥5 anomalies (p=0.003) with a distinct mRNA expression profile, involving genes implicated in cell cycle control and DNA damage response, with possible prognostic and therapeutic meaning, as well as associating with worse OS (p=0.025) and TTFT (p=0.043). In a fourth multicenter study of 522 LLC patients, it was found that the combination of different subtypes of CK with the mutational state of IGHV, can define new prognostic-predictive groups. The CK2 group identified patients with CK and major structural aberrations (13%), the CK1 group indicated all other CK patients associated or not with unmutated IGHV (U-CK1) (41%) and finally the M-noCK group the remaining patients without CK and mutated IGHV. CK2 patients had a significantly shorter TTFT (p<0.0001) and OS (p<0.0001), independent from TP53 mutational status, and showed a worse outcome after CIT (p<0.0005). Finally, a study of 349 LLC patients found that patients with ≥5 chromosomal abnormalities and cases with severe cytogenetic structural abnormalities were related to lower expression of the molecule SLAMF1 (signalling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1) (p<0.001). SLAMF1 downregulation was associated with unfavorable clinical-biological characteristics (advanced stage, p=0.001; CD38+, p<0. 001; b2-microglobulin level, p<0.001; IGHV unmutated; p<0.001; del11q, p<0.001; TP53 aberrations, p=0.011 and higher-risk CLL-IPI categories, p<0.001), with a negative prognostic impact on TTFT (p<0.001) and OS (p<0. 001), representing a possible substitute for genomic complexity. In conclusion, CK remains a solid prognostic-predictive marker in patients treated with CIT or new agents. The definition of CK as the presence of ≥3 aberrations, should be revisited and understood as an heterogeneous group, whose clinical development will depend not only on quantitative, but also qualitative aberrations. Including karyotype analysis in prospective trials could definitively establish the predictive power of CK.
Nella leucemia linfatica cronica (LLC) i marcatori prognostico-predittivi permettono di stratificare i pazienti in categorie di rischio accomunate da decorso clinico e risposta al trattamento. Lo studio di specifiche lesioni citogenetiche in FISH e dello stato mutazionale di TP53 e di IGHV identifica i marcatori essenziali per definire prognosi e strategia terapeutica. Il cariotipo complesso (CK), definito dalla presenza di ≥3 aberrazioni cromosomiche, è un marcatore prognostico indipendente, predittivo di refrattarietà a chemioimmunoterapia (CIT) e ai nuovi agenti, il cui ruolo nella stratificazione prognostica della LLC si sta delineando. In questa tesi sono riportati gli studi derivati da una ricerca mirata ad approfondire il ruolo di questo marcatore. In un primo studio retrospettivo condotto su 335 pazienti LLC mai trattati, è stato osservato che la presenza del CK e di molteplici comorbidità ha un impatto prognostico negativo indipendente dal CLL-IPI score (p=0.002 e p=0.001, rispettivamente) sulla overall survival (OS), e che il CK mostra anche un impatto negativo sul time to first treatment (TTFT) (p=0.012). Seguiva una revisione della letteratura in cui sono state presentate le basi che supportano il significato prognostico del CK e il suo significato biologico, quale diretta conseguenza dell'instabilità genomica. In un terzo lavoro condotto su 90 pazienti LLC mai trattati con CK è stata approfondita la rilevanza prognostica delle alterazioni cromosomiche qualitative (monosomie, trisomie, delezioni, traslocazioni bilanciate, riarrangiamenti sbilanciati) e quantitative (≥5 anomalie), quindi sono state correlate a parametri clinico-biologici. Da questo studio è emerso che i riarrangiamenti sbilanciati sono associati a maggiore incidenza di aberrazioni di TP53 (p=0.014), di monosomie (p=0.004) e alla presenza di ≥5 anomalie (p=0.003) con un profilo di espressione di mRNA ben distinto, che coinvolge geni implicati nel controllo del ciclo cellulare e nella risposta ai danni del DNA con possibili implicazioni prognostiche e terapeutiche, oltre ad associarsi a OS (p=0.025) e TTFT (p=0.043) peggiori. In un quarto studio multicentrico su 522 pazienti LLC è stato evidenziato che la combinazione di diversi sottotipi di CK con lo stato mutazionale di IGHV, può definire nuovi gruppi prognostico-predittivi. Il gruppo CK2 identificava i pazienti con CK e aberrazioni strutturali maggiori (13%), il gruppo CK1 indicava tutti gli altri pazienti con CK associati o meno a IGHV non mutato (U-CK1) (41%) e infine il gruppo M-noCK i restanti pazienti senza CK e IGHV mutato. I pazienti CK2 avevano un TTFT (p<0.0001) e una OS significativamente più brevi (p<0.0001), indipendenti dallo stato di TP53 e mostravano un outcome peggiore dopo CIT (p<0.0005). Infine, in uno studio su 349 pazienti LLC è stato osservato come nei casi con ≥5 anomalie cromosomiche e nei casi con gravi anomalie strutturali citogenetiche, si riscontrassero livelli più bassi di espressione della molecola SLAMF1 (signalling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1) (p<0.001). La downregolazione di SLAMF1 si associava a caratteristiche clinico-biologiche sfavorevoli (stadio avanzato, p=0.001; CD38+, p<0.001; b2-microglobulina elevata, p<0.001; IGHV non mutato; p<0.001; del11q, p<0.001; aberrazioni di TP53, p=0.011 e categorie CLL-IPI a rischio più elevato, p<0.001), con un impatto prognostico negativo sul TTFT (p<0.001) e sulla OS (p<0.001), rappresentando un possibile surrogato della complessità genomica. Concludendo, il CK si conferma un solido marcatore prognostico-predittivo nei pazienti trattati con CIT o coi nuovi agenti. La sua definizione, intesa come la presenza di ≥3 aberrazioni, dove essere rivisita e interpretata come gruppo eterogeneo, il cui andamento clinico dipende da alterazioni quantitative e qualitative. Solo la valutazione del CK nell’ambito di trial prospettici potrà stabilirne definitivamente il potere predittivo
IL RUOLO DEL CARIOTIPO COMPLESSO NELLA STRATIFICAZIONE PROGNOSTICA DELLA LEUCEMIA LINFATICA CRONICA
CAVALLARI, Maurizio
2021
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) prognostic-predictive markers stratify patients into risk categories characterized by similar clinical course and treatment response. The study of specific cytogenetic lesions in FISH and the mutational status of TP53 and IGHV identifies the essential markers to refine prognosis and guides the optimal therapeutic choice. The complex karyotype (CK), defined by the presence of at least 3 chromosomal aberrations, is an independent prognostic marker, predictive of refractoriness to chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) and new agents, whose role in CLL prognostication is emerging. This thesis contains studies focusing the role of this marker. In a first retrospective study on 335 treatment naïve CLL patients, it has been shown that CK and multiple comorbidities have a negative prognostic impact on overall survival (OS), independently from the CLL-IPI score (p=0.002 and p=0.001, respectively), and that CK has also a negative impact on time to first treatment (TTFT) (p=0.012). This study was followed by a review of the literature on the biological basis underlying the development of CK and its prognostic and predictive value in CLL. In a third work carried out on 90 untreated CLL patients with CK, it was investigated the prognostic relevance of qualitative chromosomal alterations (monosomies, trisomies, deletions, balanced translocations, unbalanced rearrangements) and quantitative (≥5 anomalies), and they were related to clinical-biological parameters. This study found that unbalanced rearrangements are associated with higher incidences of TP53 aberrations (p=0.014), monosomies (p=0.004) and the presence of ≥5 anomalies (p=0.003) with a distinct mRNA expression profile, involving genes implicated in cell cycle control and DNA damage response, with possible prognostic and therapeutic meaning, as well as associating with worse OS (p=0.025) and TTFT (p=0.043). In a fourth multicenter study of 522 LLC patients, it was found that the combination of different subtypes of CK with the mutational state of IGHV, can define new prognostic-predictive groups. The CK2 group identified patients with CK and major structural aberrations (13%), the CK1 group indicated all other CK patients associated or not with unmutated IGHV (U-CK1) (41%) and finally the M-noCK group the remaining patients without CK and mutated IGHV. CK2 patients had a significantly shorter TTFT (p<0.0001) and OS (p<0.0001), independent from TP53 mutational status, and showed a worse outcome after CIT (p<0.0005). Finally, a study of 349 LLC patients found that patients with ≥5 chromosomal abnormalities and cases with severe cytogenetic structural abnormalities were related to lower expression of the molecule SLAMF1 (signalling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1) (p<0.001). SLAMF1 downregulation was associated with unfavorable clinical-biological characteristics (advanced stage, p=0.001; CD38+, p<0. 001; b2-microglobulin level, p<0.001; IGHV unmutated; p<0.001; del11q, p<0.001; TP53 aberrations, p=0.011 and higher-risk CLL-IPI categories, p<0.001), with a negative prognostic impact on TTFT (p<0.001) and OS (p<0. 001), representing a possible substitute for genomic complexity. In conclusion, CK remains a solid prognostic-predictive marker in patients treated with CIT or new agents. The definition of CK as the presence of ≥3 aberrations, should be revisited and understood as an heterogeneous group, whose clinical development will depend not only on quantitative, but also qualitative aberrations. Including karyotype analysis in prospective trials could definitively establish the predictive power of CK.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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