Colorectal cancer (CRC) is, nowadays, a severe problem of public health, counting the 10% of all the tumors annually diagnosed worldwide and of their strictly related deaths. On this basis, the non-invasive tumoral markers recognition and monitoring represent a strongly shared research topic in the whole world scientific community. The detection of these markers represents a crucial aspect in field of tumor prevention, allowing to improve the current screening protocols. The establishment of a reliable and accurate novel screening protocol might promote the early-stage tumor detection, enhancing the healing probability. This thesis reports a three-year work, aimed to reveal the volatile tumor-markers (VOCs) exhaled by CRC-affected cells (mainly produced by their membrane peroxidation and altered metabolism), by means of thick-film nanostructured chemoresistive metal-oxide sensors. With this aim, a wide range of diverse biological samples have been investigated, such as feces, blood, tumor tissues, and immortalized cells, by using the innovative patented devices: SCENT B1 (Italian patent n° 102015000057717) and SCENT A1 (Italian patent n° RM2014A000595, European patent n° 3210013), both hosting an array of different sensors based on different active material blends (mixtures of tin, titanium, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, vanadium oxides). The sensor choice for the bio-medical field applications has been performed after several laboratory tests (at Laboratorio Sensori, Department of Physics, University of Ferrara), highlighting the sensor suitability for VOC-detection with the best compromise between sensitivity and specificity parameters. The attained results have been rather encouraging, highlighting the capability of sensors of distinguishing among feces, blood, and tumor tissues collected from CRC-affected subjects and the healthy subject ones, taken as controls (young and without relevant risk factors), by comparing the sensor response patterns. The tests carried out on immortalized cells underlined the dependence of the sensor responses on the cells type, on their initial plating concentration and on the incubation period length (24-48-72 hours). Moreover, the renewed SCENT device has been described (Chapter 5). It starts from the enclosure re-design (with consequent internal spaces rearrangement) and follows with the electronic system and management software re-design and production. The electronic system (most renewed device part) has been readapted exploiting the last generation electronic components, that exhibit a very low electronic noise and an excellent signal-to-noise ratio. Their employment, besides improving the device stability and reliability, allays the internal device overheating. Finally, a new study has been started at the end of 2020, aimed to carry out a follow-up protocol for CRC patients. It consists in the analysis of four blood samples during the post-surgery period. This process should allow a dynamic monitoring of the patient health status and the detection of possible relapses.
Il tumore al colon-retto è, ad oggi, un grave problema di salute pubblica, in quanto costituisce il 10% di tutti i tumori annualmente diagnosticati e dei decessi strettamente correlati a questo tipo di patologia in tutto il mondo. Per questo motivo, il riconoscimento e monitoraggio dei marcatori tumorali per mezzo di tecniche completamente non invasive e affidabili, rappresenta un obiettivo di ricerca fortemente condiviso dalla comunità scientifica mondiale. ll riconoscimento univoco di questi marcatori rappresenta quindi un aspetto di cruciale importanza nello screening tumorale, che permetterebbe il miglioramento dell’affidabilità dei protocolli di screening attualmente in uso e, l’eventuale individuazione della malattia in stato precoce, aumentando così i margini di intervento e le probabilità di guarigione. Questa tesi rappresenta un lavoro di durata triennale, atto all’individuazione di marker tumorali volatili (VOC) emanati dal metabolismo cellulare alterato dal cancro al colon-retto (CCR), per mezzo di sensori chemoresistivi nanostrutturati a film spesso. A questo fine, sono state analizzate diverse tipologie di campioni biologici come feci, sangue, tessuti bioptici e cellule immortalizzate, tramite un dispositivo innovativo brevettato (Italia n° 102015000057717), nominato SCENT B1, che ospita un array di quattro sensori del suddetto tipo, basati su materiali sensibili diversi (combinazioni di ossidi di stagno, titanio, tungsteno, niobio, vanadio e tantalio). La scelta dei sensori per l’applicazione in campo biomedicale è stata effettuata sulla base di test di laboratorio (presso il Laboratorio Sensori, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Ferrara) che hanno messo in luce la loro idoneità nell’individuare i composti organici volatili di interesse con il miglior compromesso fra sensibilità e specificità. I risultati ottenuti nel corso dello studio sono stati piuttosto incoraggianti, in quanto mettono in luce la capacità dei sensori scelti di distinguere le feci, i tessuti e il sangue prelevati da soggetti affetti da cancro al colon-retto da quelli prelevati da soggetti sani (giovani e senza fattori di rischio rilevanti), inseriti nello studio come controparti di controllo (paragrafi 4.1 – 4.6). I test svolti sulle cellule immortalizzate hanno messo in luce la sensibilità dei sensori in relazione alla tipologia di cellule analizzate, alla loro concentrazione iniziale di piastratura e, alle ore di incubazione a cui sono state sottoposte (24, 48,72 ore). E’ stato inoltre presentato il progetto di rinnovamento del dispositivo SCENT, partendo dalla riprogettazione dell’involucro (con conseguente riarrangiamento degli spazi interni), alla riprogettazione dell’apparato elettronico e software. Quest’ultimo è stato riadattato, sfruttando componenti elettroniche di ultima generazione che esibiscono rumori elettronici trascurabili, portando a eccellenti rapporti di segnale-rumore, e ad un basso surriscaldamento di tutto l’apparato. Infine, è stato avviato un nuovo studio al termine del 2020, con lo scopo di eseguire un protocollo di follow-up nei pazienti oncologici tramite quattro prelievi di sangue effettuati in quattro momenti diversi del percorso post-operatorio. Questo processo ha lo scopo di eseguire un monitoraggio dinamico del paziente in seguito all’intervento chirurgico, rivelando così un’eventuale insorgenza di recidive e/o complicazioni.
Use of Nanostructured Chemoresistive Sensors to Detect Tumor Cells, Analyzing Blood and Biopsy Samples and Development of a More Sophisticated Electronic Device for Sensors
ASTOLFI, MICHELE
2021
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is, nowadays, a severe problem of public health, counting the 10% of all the tumors annually diagnosed worldwide and of their strictly related deaths. On this basis, the non-invasive tumoral markers recognition and monitoring represent a strongly shared research topic in the whole world scientific community. The detection of these markers represents a crucial aspect in field of tumor prevention, allowing to improve the current screening protocols. The establishment of a reliable and accurate novel screening protocol might promote the early-stage tumor detection, enhancing the healing probability. This thesis reports a three-year work, aimed to reveal the volatile tumor-markers (VOCs) exhaled by CRC-affected cells (mainly produced by their membrane peroxidation and altered metabolism), by means of thick-film nanostructured chemoresistive metal-oxide sensors. With this aim, a wide range of diverse biological samples have been investigated, such as feces, blood, tumor tissues, and immortalized cells, by using the innovative patented devices: SCENT B1 (Italian patent n° 102015000057717) and SCENT A1 (Italian patent n° RM2014A000595, European patent n° 3210013), both hosting an array of different sensors based on different active material blends (mixtures of tin, titanium, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, vanadium oxides). The sensor choice for the bio-medical field applications has been performed after several laboratory tests (at Laboratorio Sensori, Department of Physics, University of Ferrara), highlighting the sensor suitability for VOC-detection with the best compromise between sensitivity and specificity parameters. The attained results have been rather encouraging, highlighting the capability of sensors of distinguishing among feces, blood, and tumor tissues collected from CRC-affected subjects and the healthy subject ones, taken as controls (young and without relevant risk factors), by comparing the sensor response patterns. The tests carried out on immortalized cells underlined the dependence of the sensor responses on the cells type, on their initial plating concentration and on the incubation period length (24-48-72 hours). Moreover, the renewed SCENT device has been described (Chapter 5). It starts from the enclosure re-design (with consequent internal spaces rearrangement) and follows with the electronic system and management software re-design and production. The electronic system (most renewed device part) has been readapted exploiting the last generation electronic components, that exhibit a very low electronic noise and an excellent signal-to-noise ratio. Their employment, besides improving the device stability and reliability, allays the internal device overheating. Finally, a new study has been started at the end of 2020, aimed to carry out a follow-up protocol for CRC patients. It consists in the analysis of four blood samples during the post-surgery period. This process should allow a dynamic monitoring of the patient health status and the detection of possible relapses.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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