Balanced regional development is a key challenge to confront the global crisis. This process should balance the urban growth in large and medium size cities. Human capital is the most important asset in territories and the engine for the welfare of their communities. In the globalized ‘knowledge society’ the capacity to increase the stock of highly qualified, entrepreneurial, creative and motivated people will be the energy of development. Highly skilled people tend to concentrate in large cities; however some medium-sized cities have been effective in attracting human capital. This paper seeks to explain this ability by exploring four cases: the cities of Trento and Ferrara in Italy and Puerto Varas and Villarrica-Pucón in Chile. The assumptions are that people are moved by territorial attraction and personal reasons, searching for jobs, quality of life, lifestyle and training opportunities. In Trento they have been able to build an institutional ecosystem for research and innovation, by a long term investment strategy in R&I and institutional support, promoting the installation of highly competitive national and international research centres, making it attractive for researchers. This is combined with good public services and overall good life quality. In Ferrara city there is a consensus that they have not been able to exploit the potential of talent attraction, mainly because of the low job creation capacity in the province, however, there is a special dynamism in cultural, creative and urban recovery issues. The city has been able to concentrate outstanding creative activities as an Italian middle-size city, with the University playing a key role attracting students that remain in the city after finishing their studies. In Puerto Varas the phenomenon was driven by the fast growth of the salmon industry that attracted highly qualified managers to the city. This flow continues with young professionals and their families running away from the capital´s problems, looking for better quality of life. In the last years the arrival of young people searching for a quieter life in a challenging environment has increased In Villarrica-Pucón, the attraction has been gradually growing, mainly motivated by change in lifestyle. Family is the main reason for this choice above professional careers. In this place people perceive a strong link with nature. They are willing to start new labor projects and take advantage of delocalized work opportunities using ICTs Migration for quality of life and amenities (lifestyle) is very important for middle-size cities. Places that combine good public services with challenging environments are preferred. Nature seems to have an additional attraction. Time is extremely valued as personal option to use it in leisure or families activities. Changes in the labor market are opportunities to move. Delocalized work opportunities offer the option to live in one city and work in another. Self-employment facilitates high skilled people to migrate and there are more entrepreneurship opportunities in these cities. Tourism creates opportunities for cities to be known and promote the innovation in providing new services for visitors that are also use by residents. Public policy recommendations: highly skilled people value quality of life and lifestyle more than job opportunities, so local administrators should focus on public services standards. Physical and digital connectivity are keys to take advantage of the changes in labor markets. Places need fully funded long term strategies and strong institutions to implement them. These strategies have to be agreed by the actors of the territory. It is fundamental to generate higher education opportunities to engage talented young people with the place. Finally the planning process and infrastructural projects are very important in middle-sized cities that are growing fast, to preserve the quality of life that first attracted human capital to them.
El desarrollo regional equilibrado es un desafío central para enfrentar la crisis global, proceso que debe balancear el crecimiento de ciudades grandes y de tamaño medio. El mayor capital de los territorios y motor del bienestar para sus comunidades es el capital humano. En la sociedad del conocimiento globalizada la capacidad para aumentar el stock de personas calificadas, emprendedoras, creativas y motivadas es la energía del desarrollo y su probabilidad de migrar es mayor. En general personas con alto capital humano se concentran en grandes ciudades, sin embargo algunas ciudades de tamaño medio han sido efectivas en atraerlo. Este trabajo busca explicar la capacidad de atracción a partir del estudio de cuatro casos: las ciudades de Trento y Ferrara en Italia, y Puerto Varas y Villarrica-Pucón en Chile. Las premisas son que las personas se mueven por factores territoriales y razones personales, en busca de trabajo, calidad y estilo de vida y oportunidades de formación. En Trento destaca su capacidad institucional para conformar un ecosistema basado en la investigación e innovación, a través de una estrategia de financiamiento público en I&D y un conjunto de instituciones de soporte, fomentando la instalación de centros de investigación públicos y privados que genera un ambiente atractivo para investigadores, sumado a una alta calidad de vida y servicios en la provincia. En Ferrara existe consenso que no ha sido capaz de explotar el potencial de atracción, sobre todo por una baja capacidad de crear empleo, sin embargo, se constata un dinamismo especial en temas culturales, creativos y de regeneración urbana. La ciudad ha sido capaz de concentrar una actividad creativa sobresaliente en su contexto de ciudad media italiana. Un aspecto relevante es el rol de la Universidad como atractor de estudiantes que se quedan viviendo en la ciudad. En Puerto Varas el fenómeno se vincula al crecimiento de la industria del salmón que atrajo ejecutivos de Santiago. Posteriormente continuó la migración en busca de calidad de vida y alejarse de los males de la capital. En los últimos años se ha incrementado la llegada de profesionales jóvenes en busca de vida más tranquila pero en un entorno laboral y socialmente desafiante. En el sistema Villarrica-Pucón el fenómeno de atracción ha sido gradual y creciente, motivado principalmente cambios en los estilos de vida que priorizan los aspectos familiares por sobre el desarrollo profesional. En este lugar se observa un fuerte vínculo con la naturaleza y alta flexibilidad para iniciar nuevos proyectos profesionales, destacando también el trabajo deslocalizado gracias a las TICs. La migración por calidad o estilo de vida es importante para las ciudades estudiadas, confluyendo la búsqueda de lugares con servicios de calidad y ambientes desafiantes. La naturaleza es un atractivo adicional así como la revalorización del tiempo. El trabajo deslocalizado permite separar el lugar para vivir y trabajar; las capacidades de autoempleo de personas con alto capital humano facilitan su movilidad y el emprendimiento es una tercera vía para la provisión de ingresos. El turismo posiciona marcas territoriales (brands), abre oportunidades de conocimiento en imaginarios colectivos y desarrolla servicios para el turista apropiados por los ciudadanos. Entre las recomendaciones de políticas destaca la valoración de la calidad de vida por sobre las oportunidades laborales. Los esfuerzos en infraestructura de conectividad física y digital permiten aprovechar los cambios en los mercados laborales. La definición de políticas de largo plazo, financiadas y con instituciones fuertes capaces de llevarlas a cabo. La generación de oportunidades de educación superior vinculada al territorio. La planificación urbana y provisión de infraestructura y servicios básicos de calidad que eviten problemas de sobrepoblación.
ATRACCIÓN DE CAPITAL HUMANO EN CIUDADES MEDIAS: ESTUDIO DE LOS CASOS DE TRENTO Y FERRARA EN ITALIA Y PUERTO VARAS Y VILLARRICA-PUCON EN CHILE
VALDIVIESO GATICA, GONZALO
2018
Abstract
Balanced regional development is a key challenge to confront the global crisis. This process should balance the urban growth in large and medium size cities. Human capital is the most important asset in territories and the engine for the welfare of their communities. In the globalized ‘knowledge society’ the capacity to increase the stock of highly qualified, entrepreneurial, creative and motivated people will be the energy of development. Highly skilled people tend to concentrate in large cities; however some medium-sized cities have been effective in attracting human capital. This paper seeks to explain this ability by exploring four cases: the cities of Trento and Ferrara in Italy and Puerto Varas and Villarrica-Pucón in Chile. The assumptions are that people are moved by territorial attraction and personal reasons, searching for jobs, quality of life, lifestyle and training opportunities. In Trento they have been able to build an institutional ecosystem for research and innovation, by a long term investment strategy in R&I and institutional support, promoting the installation of highly competitive national and international research centres, making it attractive for researchers. This is combined with good public services and overall good life quality. In Ferrara city there is a consensus that they have not been able to exploit the potential of talent attraction, mainly because of the low job creation capacity in the province, however, there is a special dynamism in cultural, creative and urban recovery issues. The city has been able to concentrate outstanding creative activities as an Italian middle-size city, with the University playing a key role attracting students that remain in the city after finishing their studies. In Puerto Varas the phenomenon was driven by the fast growth of the salmon industry that attracted highly qualified managers to the city. This flow continues with young professionals and their families running away from the capital´s problems, looking for better quality of life. In the last years the arrival of young people searching for a quieter life in a challenging environment has increased In Villarrica-Pucón, the attraction has been gradually growing, mainly motivated by change in lifestyle. Family is the main reason for this choice above professional careers. In this place people perceive a strong link with nature. They are willing to start new labor projects and take advantage of delocalized work opportunities using ICTs Migration for quality of life and amenities (lifestyle) is very important for middle-size cities. Places that combine good public services with challenging environments are preferred. Nature seems to have an additional attraction. Time is extremely valued as personal option to use it in leisure or families activities. Changes in the labor market are opportunities to move. Delocalized work opportunities offer the option to live in one city and work in another. Self-employment facilitates high skilled people to migrate and there are more entrepreneurship opportunities in these cities. Tourism creates opportunities for cities to be known and promote the innovation in providing new services for visitors that are also use by residents. Public policy recommendations: highly skilled people value quality of life and lifestyle more than job opportunities, so local administrators should focus on public services standards. Physical and digital connectivity are keys to take advantage of the changes in labor markets. Places need fully funded long term strategies and strong institutions to implement them. These strategies have to be agreed by the actors of the territory. It is fundamental to generate higher education opportunities to engage talented young people with the place. Finally the planning process and infrastructural projects are very important in middle-sized cities that are growing fast, to preserve the quality of life that first attracted human capital to them.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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