The main focus of the research developed and discussed in this dissertation is to reconstruct activity patterns of ancient population, focusing on the study of entheses of human hand bones. The objective is to investigate the possible existent correlation between the entheseal morphology and the muscular stress to which entheses are subjected, using both linear and geometric morphometrics approaches. Although the important role of the hand in ordinary activities during life – precision grips, powerful grasping, and manipulation of objects – researchers started analysing hand bones only during the last decades. The selected sample is made up of metacarpals and proximal phalanges of adult individuals coming from several sites, belonging to different populations and chronologies – Predynastic and Dynastic of Ancient Egypt, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Late Medieval. Each selected bone was scanned with the use of 3D scanners and, later, each enthesis was delimited. Overall, the entire sample is constituted by more than 500 scanned elements, subdivided in different groups, according to the collections they belong. A specific reference system of landmarks and semi-landmarks was created for each enthesis, according to each entheseal morphology; later, all the linear and geometric morphometrics analyses were conducted on the entire sample. Both linear (bone length, robusticity indexes) and 3D (raw size and entheseal relative size) measurements were obtained to investigate the correlation between entheseal morphology and muscular stress and/or genetic factors. Unfortunately, statistical correlation between Shape and Size of each entheses was not recorded, except for Opponens Pollicis of left 1st metacarpal. The results obtained allowed to support the existent relation between muscular insertion site and physical activity, which determines modifications in correspondence of the entheseal surface during lifelong remodelling processes. Moreover, different activity patterns have been obtained in accordance with precision and powerful grasping and to different subsistence strategies conducted by each population.
Il progetto di ricerca descritto e sviluppato in questo elaborato ha come principale focus la ricostruzione di patterns di attività di popolazioni antiche, focalizzandosi sullo studio delle entesi delle ossa della mano; l’obiettivo è comprendere se esiste una correlazione tra la morfologia dell’inserzione muscolare e lo stress fisico cui è l’osso sottoposto, utilizzando metodologie dell’ambito della morfometria lineare e geometrica. Il distretto ‘mano’ copre un ruolo preponderante nelle attività fisiche svolte tutti i giorni – prensione, pressione, manipolazione di oggetti – e, nonostante ciò, soltanto negli ultimi anni i ricercatori hanno posto la loro attenzione su tale elemento scheletrico. Il campione in studio è costituito da ossa metacarpali e falangi prossimali di individui adulti provenienti da diversi siti, nonché appartenenti a diverse popolazioni e cronologie – Predinastico e Dinastico dell’Antico Egitto, Neolitico, età del Bronzo, tardo Medioevo. Ogni singolo osso selezionato è stato sottoposto a scansione 3D; successivamente ogni entesi è stata delimitata. Complessivamente, il campione è costituito da più di 500 pezzi, suddivisi in diversi gruppi, in accordo alle collezioni di appartenenza. Ad ogni entesi è stato apposto un sistema di riferimento di landmarks e semi-landmarks – appositamente creato sul campione in studio – e successivamente sono state effettuate le analisi di morfometria lineare e geometrica. Sono state prese in considerazione diverse misure sia prese sulle ossa (lunghezza massima, indici di robustezza) sia ottenute a partire dalle scansioni 3D (raw size ed entheseal relative size) per valutare una possibile correlazione tra la morfologia dell’inserzione muscolare e stress fisico e/o fattori genetici. Sfortunatamente, la correlazione statistica tra Shape e Size non è stata registrata con l’eccezione dell’entesi per l’Opponens Pollicis del primo metacarpo sinistro. I risultati ottenuti hanno permesso di supportare la relazione esistente tra l’inserzione muscolare e l’attività fisica, la quale determina modifiche in corrispondenza della superficie dell’entesi a causa dei processi di rimodellamento. Inoltre, è stato possibile ottenere e ricostruire dei modelli di attività collegati ad attività di prensione di precisione e potenze e applicabili alle popolazioni prese in esame, basandosi sulle strategie di sussistenza adottate da ogni singola popolazione.
BEHAVIOURAL VARIABILITY IN PREHISTORIC SOCIETIES: LINEAR AND GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC APPROACHES ON ENTHESEAL SITES OF METACARPAL AND PHALANGEAL BONES OF ADULT INDIVIDUALS
CALANDRA, ROSAMARIA
2021
Abstract
The main focus of the research developed and discussed in this dissertation is to reconstruct activity patterns of ancient population, focusing on the study of entheses of human hand bones. The objective is to investigate the possible existent correlation between the entheseal morphology and the muscular stress to which entheses are subjected, using both linear and geometric morphometrics approaches. Although the important role of the hand in ordinary activities during life – precision grips, powerful grasping, and manipulation of objects – researchers started analysing hand bones only during the last decades. The selected sample is made up of metacarpals and proximal phalanges of adult individuals coming from several sites, belonging to different populations and chronologies – Predynastic and Dynastic of Ancient Egypt, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Late Medieval. Each selected bone was scanned with the use of 3D scanners and, later, each enthesis was delimited. Overall, the entire sample is constituted by more than 500 scanned elements, subdivided in different groups, according to the collections they belong. A specific reference system of landmarks and semi-landmarks was created for each enthesis, according to each entheseal morphology; later, all the linear and geometric morphometrics analyses were conducted on the entire sample. Both linear (bone length, robusticity indexes) and 3D (raw size and entheseal relative size) measurements were obtained to investigate the correlation between entheseal morphology and muscular stress and/or genetic factors. Unfortunately, statistical correlation between Shape and Size of each entheses was not recorded, except for Opponens Pollicis of left 1st metacarpal. The results obtained allowed to support the existent relation between muscular insertion site and physical activity, which determines modifications in correspondence of the entheseal surface during lifelong remodelling processes. Moreover, different activity patterns have been obtained in accordance with precision and powerful grasping and to different subsistence strategies conducted by each population.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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