The study of informal economies involves a difficulty in approaching this object, due to the nebulosity of the phenomenon, identified – not by chance – by means of a metaphor, and also in a constant and rapid evolution over time, and in conjunction with technological evolution. For this reason it may be useful to move between different branches, implementing an interdisciplinary approach that takes into account synergistically economic, aesthetic and cultural aspects. The research therefore proposes an integration of several points of view, bringing to light not only the norms (and the relative infractions), first applied to analogical devices, then to digital ones, but also identifying the influence of piracy on the various seasons of the audiovisual history, focusing on its production, distribution, creation/authorialization and fruition. After having recognized the audiovisual piracy as a phenomenon that develops throughout the entire history of the medium (in its cinematographic, television and online evolutions), interfering with the formal business and economic models in an increasingly predominant manner, with the fruition of the cultural product and with the same perception of the phenomenon, one of the aims of the research is to trace an analytic trait d'union. The latter is ultimately identified in some forms of online audiovisual communication through social networks, which share some of the characteristics of informal distribution, making informality a basic element also in online communication mediated by the moving image. The GIF image format, in particular, is based on the re-use of pre-existing texts in order to re-semantisize them for communication purposes, to personalize them, to make information transmission informal; moreover it relates to other contemporary paradigms, such as the read-write regime (Lessig), the concept of liquid modernity (Bauman) and post-truth (Tesich, Moïsi, Roberts), namely, other useful keys for reading the phenomenon. The focus on the Italian context, in particular for the historical aspects, aims to reintroduce the national audiovisual piracy in a more extended evolutionary process, in a transnational and transcultural perspective. The research does not intend, therefore, to create an history (Johns) of audiovisual piracy, but to reinstate piracy within some of the main paradigms that distinguish the contemporary, making use of the Italian case as a compass to find orientation. After having historically investigated the object of the study, the state of the art and the contributions of various authors, as well as that of the operators involved by means of interviews, a direct link is developed to the process of decontextualization, followed by the appropriation and re-semanticisation of a text, found in the use of the GIF. A process that involves three different problematic orders, encountered in the entirety of the research: authenticity, authorship and post-truth. The information content, the ownership of the product or the very consistency of the work, are lost in favor of uses that, increasingly, have emotional or impulsive intent. The thesis aims to demonstrate how the principles that underlie the functioning of the GIF spread out on several levels, imposing itself not only as a means of expression, but as a new paradigm, a GIF Culture, based on the priority and on the importance given to the re-use process aimed at experiencing one's own subjectivity.
Lo studio delle economie informali comporta una difficoltà di approccio all'oggetto in esame dovuta alla nebulosità del fenomeno, identificato non a caso per mezzo di una metafora, in costante e veloce evoluzione nel corso del tempo e in concomitanza con l'evoluzione tecnologica. Per tale motivo può risultare utile spostarsi su più branche, attuando un approccio di tipo interdisciplinare che tenga conto sinergicamente di aspetti di ordine economico, estetico e culturale in genere. La ricerca propone perciò un'integrazione di più punti di vista, portando alla luce non solo le norme (e i relativi infrangimenti), applicate prima ai device analogici, poi a quelli digitali, ma anche identificando l'influenza della pirateria sulle varie stagioni dell'audiovisivo, in ambito produttivo, distributivo, creativo/autoriale e fruitivo. Dopo aver riconosciuto la pirateria audiovisiva come un fenomeno che si sviluppa nel corso dell'intera storia del mezzo (nelle sue evoluzioni cinematografiche, televisive e online), interferendo con i modelli di business ed economici formali in maniera sempre più preponderante, con la fruizione del prodotto culturale e con la stessa percezione del fenomeno, uno degli scopi della ricerca è di rintracciare un trait d'union analitico. Quest'ultimo viene individuato, in ultima analisi, in alcune forme di comunicazione audiovisiva online attraverso social network, le quali condividono alcuni dei caratteri della distribuzione informale, rendendo l'informalità un elemento basilare anche nella comunicazione online mediata dall'immagine in movimento. Il formato di immagine GIF, in particolare, si basa sul riutilizzo di testi pre-esistenti al fine di risemantizzarli a scopo comunicativo, deautorializzandoli, rendendo informale la trasmissione di informazioni, e si ricollega ad altri paradigmi contemporanei, come il regime read-write (Lessig), il concetto di modernità liquida (Bauman) e di post verità (Tesich, Moïsi, Roberts), anch'essi chiavi utili di lettura del fenomeno. Il focus sul contesto italiano, in particolare negli aspetti di ordine storico, ha lo scopo di reintrodurre la pirateria audiovisiva nazionale in un processo evolutivo più esteso, ovvero in una prospettiva transnazionale e transculturale. La ricerca non si propone, quindi, di realizzare una storia (Johns) della pirateria audiovisiva, bensì di reintegrare la pirateria all'interno di alcuni dei principali paradigmi che contraddistinguono la contemporaneità, facendo uso della casistica italiana come una bussola per orientarsi. Dopo aver indagato storicamente l'oggetto dello studio, lo stato dell'arte e i contributi di vari autori, nonché quello degli operatori coinvolti per mezzo di interviste, si sviluppa in conclusione un legame diretto di quanto trattato con il processo di decontestualizzazione, seguito dall'appropriazione e risemantizzazione di un testo, riscontrabile nell'utilizzo della GIF. Un processo che implica tre differenti ordini problematici, incontrati nell'interezza della ricerca: autenticità, autorialità e post-verità. Il contenuto informativo, la proprietà del prodotto o la consistenza stessa dell'opera, vengono persi a favore di utilizzi che, sempre più spesso, hanno intenti emozionali o impulsivi. La tesi mira a dimostrare come i principi che sono alla base del funzionamento della GIF si spargano su più livelli, imponendosi non solo come un mezzo d'espresione, ma come un nuovo paradigma, una cultura GIF, basata sulla priorità e sull'importanza conferita al processo di riutilizzo finalizzato a esperire la propria soggettività.
Evoluzione della distribuzione informale degli audiovisivi in Italia: dalle copie pirata dei device analogici all'online streaming nella GIF culture
PROSPERI, GABRIELE
2019
Abstract
The study of informal economies involves a difficulty in approaching this object, due to the nebulosity of the phenomenon, identified – not by chance – by means of a metaphor, and also in a constant and rapid evolution over time, and in conjunction with technological evolution. For this reason it may be useful to move between different branches, implementing an interdisciplinary approach that takes into account synergistically economic, aesthetic and cultural aspects. The research therefore proposes an integration of several points of view, bringing to light not only the norms (and the relative infractions), first applied to analogical devices, then to digital ones, but also identifying the influence of piracy on the various seasons of the audiovisual history, focusing on its production, distribution, creation/authorialization and fruition. After having recognized the audiovisual piracy as a phenomenon that develops throughout the entire history of the medium (in its cinematographic, television and online evolutions), interfering with the formal business and economic models in an increasingly predominant manner, with the fruition of the cultural product and with the same perception of the phenomenon, one of the aims of the research is to trace an analytic trait d'union. The latter is ultimately identified in some forms of online audiovisual communication through social networks, which share some of the characteristics of informal distribution, making informality a basic element also in online communication mediated by the moving image. The GIF image format, in particular, is based on the re-use of pre-existing texts in order to re-semantisize them for communication purposes, to personalize them, to make information transmission informal; moreover it relates to other contemporary paradigms, such as the read-write regime (Lessig), the concept of liquid modernity (Bauman) and post-truth (Tesich, Moïsi, Roberts), namely, other useful keys for reading the phenomenon. The focus on the Italian context, in particular for the historical aspects, aims to reintroduce the national audiovisual piracy in a more extended evolutionary process, in a transnational and transcultural perspective. The research does not intend, therefore, to create an history (Johns) of audiovisual piracy, but to reinstate piracy within some of the main paradigms that distinguish the contemporary, making use of the Italian case as a compass to find orientation. After having historically investigated the object of the study, the state of the art and the contributions of various authors, as well as that of the operators involved by means of interviews, a direct link is developed to the process of decontextualization, followed by the appropriation and re-semanticisation of a text, found in the use of the GIF. A process that involves three different problematic orders, encountered in the entirety of the research: authenticity, authorship and post-truth. The information content, the ownership of the product or the very consistency of the work, are lost in favor of uses that, increasingly, have emotional or impulsive intent. The thesis aims to demonstrate how the principles that underlie the functioning of the GIF spread out on several levels, imposing itself not only as a means of expression, but as a new paradigm, a GIF Culture, based on the priority and on the importance given to the re-use process aimed at experiencing one's own subjectivity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi di dottorato firmata, con Dichiarazione di conformit? firmata.pdf
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