Mitochondria are small cytoplasmic organelles in eukaryotic organism that contain their own DNA, which is maternally inherited. These organelles have a typical double membrane structure: the smooth outer membrane (OMM) that contains many copies of a transport protein porin; the inner membrane (IMM), less permeable, characterized by cristae, which increase the superficial volume. In between of these two membranes there is the inter-membrane space (IMS). Mitochondria nourish cells by converting energy from carbon sources into ATP. Additionally, they are important for intracellular signaling and apoptosis, for various metabolic intermediary pathways including metabolism of amino acids, lipids, cholesterol, calcium homeostasis, through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). When the cytoplasmic Ca2+ increases above certain levels (>10 µM), a drastically rise of Ca2+ in the mitochondria and matrix is verified. Eventually, when the mitochondria is excessing of accumulation of Ca2+, it causes the opening of a non-specific large-conductance channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane, commonly referred to as the permeability transition pore (PTP), that collapses the membrane potential, induces swelling of the inner membrane. Another main role of mitochondria is the regulation of apoptosis. The two main pathways through which this cell death process is initiated are the intrinsic and extrinsic. The apoptosis involves also p53 that is considered essential to prevent the propagation of damaged cells that are potentially mutagenic by orchestrating defense pathways of cell cycle arrest, senescence and DNA repair. P53 is regulated by a protein MDM2. In the cancerogenesis framework it could be placed the MAGMAS protein, that is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and it is able to regulate the carriage of protein precursors in the mitochondrion through transport proteins. Since Magmas is a gene that induces GM-CSF and it is involved in the transport of mitochondrial proteins, some studies have been accomplished to evaluate the effect of the gene expression in healthy and neoplastic tissues. Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury (IRI) Inhibitors Ischemia is a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular survival. Ischemia is generally caused by problems with blood vessels, with resultant damage to or dysfunction of tissue. During ischemia, ATP synthesis is inhibited, and proton ions accumulate into mitochondrial matrix; the final result is a Ca2+ accumulation into mitochondria and this event induce the mPTP opening: it causes the apoptosis intrinsic pathway. On the basis of Oligomycin A structure (known to be ATP synthase inhibitor), we synthetized some compounds, as potential mPTP inhibitors. Several of those have been obtained from Isatine and 5-Fluoroisatine, maintaining the same scaffold but with different modifications at key positions. In addition, we synthetized a small library of N-benzyl-piperidone derivatives with the general structure (d). We chose these last molecules because of the presence of two spiro centers that gives rigidity and steric hindrance to the structure. (Figure 1). Nutlins as anti-cancer drugs Nutlins, which is the first and more important class of small molecules, are cis-imidazoline analogs which inhibit the interaction between MDM2 and tumor suppressor p53. The most important is (-)-Nutlin-3, which is commonly used in anti-cancer studies. Figure 2: (-)-Nutlin-3 structure. The aim of this project was to find a synthetic pathway to obtain only (-)-Nutlin-3, as product, instead of the racemic mixture. MAGMAS Inhibitors On the basis of published analysis in literature, the compound 84 seems to be a good Magmas inhibitor, because it is able to completely inhibit the cell proliferation. Another compound that, recently, showed good activity of inhibiting the cell proliferation was the product 89. Figure 3: structure of compound 84 and 89.

I mitocondri sono organelli cellulari presenti negli organismi eucarioti, che contengono il loro DNA. Essi hanno una tipica struttura a doppia membrana: quella esterna liscia che contiene molte porine; quella interna, meno permeabile, è caratterizzata da creste, che ne aumentano vistosamente la superficie. Tra queste due membrane c'è lo spazio inter-membrana. I mitocondri nutrono le cellule convertendo l'energia da fonti di carbonio in ATP attraverso la fosforilazione ossidativa. Inoltre, essi sono importanti per la segnalazione intracellulare e l'apoptosi, per le varie vie metaboliche intermedie tra cui il metabolismo di aminoacidi, lipidi, colesterolo, l'omeostasi del calcio. Infatti, quando il Ca2+ citoplasmatico aumenta oltre determinati livelli (> 10 μM), si verifica un aumento drastico di Ca2+ nei mitocondri e nella matrice. Quindi, quando i mitocondri sono in eccesso di accumulo di Ca2 +, questo evento provoca l'apertura di un canale non specifico di grande conduttanza nella membrana mitocondriale interna, comunemente indicato come il poro di transizione di permeabilità (PTP), che causa il collasso del potenziale di membrana, inducendo gonfiore della membrana interna. Un altro ruolo dei mitocondri è la regolazione dell’apoptosi. I due principali percorsi attraverso i quali questo processo viene avviato sono definiti intrinseco ed estrinseco. L’apoptosi coinvolge anche p53, che è considerato essenziale per prevenire la propagazione di cellule danneggiate che sono potenzialmente cancerogene, orchestrando vie di difesa quali arresto del ciclo cellulare, senescenza e riparazione del DNA. P53 è regolato da una proteina MDM2. Nel quadro della cancerogenesi potrebbe essere inserita la proteina MAGMAS, che si trova nella membrana interna mitocondriale ed è in grado di regolare il trasporto di precursori proteici nel mitocondrio. Poiché Magmas è un gene che induce GM-CSF ed è coinvolto nel trasporto di proteine mitocondriali, sono stati condotti alcuni studi per valutare l'effetto dell'espressione genica nei tessuti sani e neoplastici. Ischemia e inibitori del danno da riperfusione L'ischemia è una diminuzione dell'apporto di sangue ai tessuti, che causa una carenza di ossigeno e glucosio necessari per la sopravvivenza cellulare. L'ischemia è generalmente causata da problemi ai vasi sanguigni, con conseguente danno o disfunzione del tessuto. Durante l'ischemia, la sintesi di ATP viene inibita e gli ioni protonici si accumulano nella matrice mitocondriale; si verifica poi un accumulo di Ca2+ nei mitocondri e viene indotta l'apertura di mPTP : si ha, di conseguenza, apoptosi. Sulla base della struttura dell’Oligomicina A (noto inibitore di ATP-sintasi) abbiamo sintetizzato alcuni composti come potenziali inibitori di mPTP. Molti di questi sono stati ottenuti dall’Isatina e 5-Fluoroisatina, mantenendo lo stesso scaffold ma apportando diverse modifiche nelle posizioni chiavi. Inoltre, abbiamo sintetizzato una piccola libreria di derivati di N-benzil-piperidone con questa struttura generale (d). Abbiamo scelto queste ultime molecole per la presenza di due spirocentri che conferiscono rigidità e ingombro sterico alla struttura (Figura 1). Nutline come antitumorali La famiglia delle Nutline, che è la prima e più importante classe di piccole molecole, sono analoghi della cis-imidazolina che inibiscono l'interazione tra MDM2 e il soppressore tumorale p53. Il più importante è (-)-Nutlin-3, che è comunemente usato negli studi antitumorali. Figura 2: struttura di (-)-Nutlin-3. Lo scopo di questo progetto è stato quello di trovare una via di sintesi per ottenere solo (-)-Nutlin-3 come prodotto finale e non come una miscela racemica. Inibitori di MAGMAS Sulla base di analisi pubblicate in letteratura, il composto 84 sembra essere un buon inibitore di Magmas, poiché è in grado di inibire completamente la proliferazione cellulare. Un’altra molecola con simile attività è il composto 89.

Synthesis of bio-active mitochondria target compounds

FANTINATI, Anna
2018

Abstract

Mitochondria are small cytoplasmic organelles in eukaryotic organism that contain their own DNA, which is maternally inherited. These organelles have a typical double membrane structure: the smooth outer membrane (OMM) that contains many copies of a transport protein porin; the inner membrane (IMM), less permeable, characterized by cristae, which increase the superficial volume. In between of these two membranes there is the inter-membrane space (IMS). Mitochondria nourish cells by converting energy from carbon sources into ATP. Additionally, they are important for intracellular signaling and apoptosis, for various metabolic intermediary pathways including metabolism of amino acids, lipids, cholesterol, calcium homeostasis, through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). When the cytoplasmic Ca2+ increases above certain levels (>10 µM), a drastically rise of Ca2+ in the mitochondria and matrix is verified. Eventually, when the mitochondria is excessing of accumulation of Ca2+, it causes the opening of a non-specific large-conductance channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane, commonly referred to as the permeability transition pore (PTP), that collapses the membrane potential, induces swelling of the inner membrane. Another main role of mitochondria is the regulation of apoptosis. The two main pathways through which this cell death process is initiated are the intrinsic and extrinsic. The apoptosis involves also p53 that is considered essential to prevent the propagation of damaged cells that are potentially mutagenic by orchestrating defense pathways of cell cycle arrest, senescence and DNA repair. P53 is regulated by a protein MDM2. In the cancerogenesis framework it could be placed the MAGMAS protein, that is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and it is able to regulate the carriage of protein precursors in the mitochondrion through transport proteins. Since Magmas is a gene that induces GM-CSF and it is involved in the transport of mitochondrial proteins, some studies have been accomplished to evaluate the effect of the gene expression in healthy and neoplastic tissues. Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury (IRI) Inhibitors Ischemia is a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular survival. Ischemia is generally caused by problems with blood vessels, with resultant damage to or dysfunction of tissue. During ischemia, ATP synthesis is inhibited, and proton ions accumulate into mitochondrial matrix; the final result is a Ca2+ accumulation into mitochondria and this event induce the mPTP opening: it causes the apoptosis intrinsic pathway. On the basis of Oligomycin A structure (known to be ATP synthase inhibitor), we synthetized some compounds, as potential mPTP inhibitors. Several of those have been obtained from Isatine and 5-Fluoroisatine, maintaining the same scaffold but with different modifications at key positions. In addition, we synthetized a small library of N-benzyl-piperidone derivatives with the general structure (d). We chose these last molecules because of the presence of two spiro centers that gives rigidity and steric hindrance to the structure. (Figure 1). Nutlins as anti-cancer drugs Nutlins, which is the first and more important class of small molecules, are cis-imidazoline analogs which inhibit the interaction between MDM2 and tumor suppressor p53. The most important is (-)-Nutlin-3, which is commonly used in anti-cancer studies. Figure 2: (-)-Nutlin-3 structure. The aim of this project was to find a synthetic pathway to obtain only (-)-Nutlin-3, as product, instead of the racemic mixture. MAGMAS Inhibitors On the basis of published analysis in literature, the compound 84 seems to be a good Magmas inhibitor, because it is able to completely inhibit the cell proliferation. Another compound that, recently, showed good activity of inhibiting the cell proliferation was the product 89. Figure 3: structure of compound 84 and 89.
TRAPELLA, Claudio
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Descrizione: PhD thesis Anna Fantinati
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2487847
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