According to the data contained in the report "I numeri del cancro in Italia 2020" edited by the Italian Association of Tumour Registers (AIRTUM) and the Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM), breast cancer remains the most frequent neoplasm in Italy and the leading cause of death from cancer in women. HER2+ subtype breast cancers represent 30% of all breast cancers and used to be associated with a poor prognosis, although the application of targeted HER2 blockade has rendered this subtype at least as curable as other biologically less aggressive breast cancer subtypes. Unfortunately, patients with advanced breast cancer treated with anti-HER2 therapies almost invariably develop pharmacological resistance. Liquid biopsy (LB) is minimally invasive, easy to perform, highly sensitive and specific. It may detect molecular traits of resistance even before clinical manifestations of progression, which may reduce unnecessary anti-HER2 treatment, abating unwanted side effects, toxicity, and treatment-associated costs. Patients with tumors bearing HER2 alterations benefit from target therapy with many specific inhibitors. Longitudinal monitoring by LB is expected to become a key factor in disease management and the use of these targeted therapies, because it takes into account the idea of cancer evolution in the context of the general principles of precision oncology. The HER2 status is presently assessed by a combination of Immunohistochemistry and In Situ Hybridization (IHC/ISH) to detect gene overexpression and amplification in tissues on a binary scale that separately factors overexpression and gene amplification. I hypothesize that a static, one-time-only, tissue-only HER2 Companion Diagnostics (CDx), like the one we presently use, should be revised, or dismissed. This scale assigns defined cut-offs for conventional HER2 blockade therapy, e.g., tumors are either HER2 or non-HER2. This view is probably simplistic, because novel anti HER2 agents may effectively target both HER2-high and HER2-low tumors, and HER2 levels wane during therapy. In this thesis, I defend the hypothesis that HER2 functional expression should be assessed longitudinally (on a continuous scale, and bimodally), e.g. (over)expression and Copy Number Variation (CNV) should be fully co-factored into a novel CDx scheme, enabling dynamic reallocation of patients to different subtypes and assign non-standard treatment in a potentially practice-changing setting. I present data showing that LB may help redesigning CDx in advanced breast cancer. As an example, I briefly summarize LiqBreasTrack, a recent LB NGS study, carried out during my thesis, published at the time of writing (Allegretti M., Fabi A. et al. Molecular Cancer 2021). I also describe HER2-2D, a bidimensional LB assay that estimates HER2 CNV and HER2 protein level in the first and second dimensions, respectively. This is presently unpublished and personally developed. The assay takes advantage of customized digital PCR and a commercial ELISA, it is equally applicable to tissues and blood, and yields a cumulative HER2 score. HER2-2D main application is in blood, and I will describe a subset of breast cancer tumors/patients electively susceptible to HER2 blockade by Trastuzumab Emtansine (T-DM1), a potent Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) targeting HER2. I will briefly mention a collaboration with the laboratory of Prof. Francesco Michelotti at the University of Sapienza, Rome, aimed at the construction of a novel Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging (SPRI) biosensor for the rapid, simple and label-free detection of HER2, for future applications in the Health Technology Assessment area. In summary, thorough LB we show that HER2 is an adaptive tumor feature, and that its changes (amongst more general genomic changes) in blood may find application to adaptively assign target therapy to defined, distinct cohorts of breast cancer patients characterized by different degrees of HER2 oncogenic addiction.

Secondo il report “I numeri del cancro in Italia 2020” dell’Associazione italiana registri tumori (AIRTUM) e l’Associazione italiana di oncologia medica (AIOM), il tumore al seno resta la neoplasia più frequente in Italia e la prima causa di morte per tumore nelle donne. Il sottotipo HER2+ rappresenta il 30% dei tumori al seno ed è associato ad una prognosi infausta, sebbene l’utilizzo di terapie mirate abbia reso questo sottotipo curabile come altri biologicamente meno aggressivi. Tuttavia, i pazienti in stadio avanzato, trattati con terapie antiHER2, spesso sviluppano resistenza al trattamento. La biopsia liquida (BL) è una metodica minimamente invasiva, di facile utilizzo, sensibile e specifica, in grado di individuare l’insorgenza della resistenza anche prima che questa si manifesti clinicamente, permettendo così di ridurre tossicità e costi di un trattamento inefficace. I pazienti che presentano alterazioni di HER2 beneficiano di una terapia mirata con molti inibitori. Il monitoraggio longitudinale tramite BL dovrebbe diventare un fattore chiave nella gestione della malattia e nella scelta della strategia terapeutica più appropriata, poiché tiene conto dell'idea di evoluzione del cancro nel contesto dei principi generali dell'oncologia di precisione. Ad oggi, lo stato di HER2 viene assegnato mediante una combinazione di Immunoistochimica e Ibridazione in Situ (IHC/ISH) su tessuto, in una scala binaria che separatamente valuta la sovra espressione e l'amplificazione genica. Ipotizzo che questo schema diagnostico (CDx), statico, una tantum, solo su tessuto, debba essere rivisto o abbandonato poiché assegna dei cut-off definiti per la terapia convenzionale antiHER2 (ad esempio, un tumore è HER2+ oppure no). Questa visione è probabilmente semplicistica, perché i nuovi agenti antiHER2 possono colpire sia i tumori HER2-alti che HER2-bassi, considerando che i livelli di HER2 diminuiscono durante la terapia. In questa tesi, propongo che i livelli di HER2 vengano valutati longitudinalmente, (su una scala continua, e in maniera bimodale), correlando la sovra espressione e la variazione del numero di copie (CNV) di HER2 e co-fattorizzandoli in un nuovo CDx. Questo permetterebbe la riallocazione dinamica dei pazienti ai diversi sottotipi e l’assegnazione di un trattamento non standard in un contesto dinamico che modifichi la pratica clinica comune. Presento dei dati che dimostrano come la BL possa aiutare nel ridisegnare il CDx nel cancro al seno avanzato. Riassumo LiqBreasTrack, un recente studio di NGS, condotto durante la mia tesi (Allegretti, Fabi; Molecular Cancer 2021) e descrivo HER2-2D, un saggio bidimensionale inedito di BL che stima le CNV e il livello di proteina di HER2 nella prima e nella seconda dimensione, rispettivamente. Il test sfrutta saggi custom di dPCR e un ELISA commerciale, è ugualmente applicabile a tessuti e sangue e dà come output finale un punteggio di HER2 cumulativo. L'applicazione principale è nel sangue, e descriverò un sottogruppo di tumori/pazienti con cancro al seno in stadio avanzato elettivamente suscettibili al blocco di HER2 da parte di Trastuzumab Emtansine (T-DM1), un potente anticorpo-coniugato a farmaco (ADC). Accennerò ad una collaborazione con il gruppo del Prof. F. Michelotti (Università Sapienza di Roma), orientata allo sviluppo di un biosensore Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging (SPRI) per la rilevazione rapida, semplice e senza marcatura estrinseca degli anticorpi antiHER2, per future applicazioni in ambito dell’Health Technology Assessment. In sintesi, attraverso la BL dimostro che HER2 è una caratteristica adattiva dei tumori, e i suoi cambiamenti (tra quelli genomici più generali) nel sangue possono essere studiati per assegnare in modo adattivo terapie bersaglio a coorti definite di pazienti con cancro al seno caratterizzate da diversi gradi di dipendenza oncogenica da HER2.

Liquid Biopsy in Real Life Oncology

GIORDANI, Elena
2022

Abstract

According to the data contained in the report "I numeri del cancro in Italia 2020" edited by the Italian Association of Tumour Registers (AIRTUM) and the Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM), breast cancer remains the most frequent neoplasm in Italy and the leading cause of death from cancer in women. HER2+ subtype breast cancers represent 30% of all breast cancers and used to be associated with a poor prognosis, although the application of targeted HER2 blockade has rendered this subtype at least as curable as other biologically less aggressive breast cancer subtypes. Unfortunately, patients with advanced breast cancer treated with anti-HER2 therapies almost invariably develop pharmacological resistance. Liquid biopsy (LB) is minimally invasive, easy to perform, highly sensitive and specific. It may detect molecular traits of resistance even before clinical manifestations of progression, which may reduce unnecessary anti-HER2 treatment, abating unwanted side effects, toxicity, and treatment-associated costs. Patients with tumors bearing HER2 alterations benefit from target therapy with many specific inhibitors. Longitudinal monitoring by LB is expected to become a key factor in disease management and the use of these targeted therapies, because it takes into account the idea of cancer evolution in the context of the general principles of precision oncology. The HER2 status is presently assessed by a combination of Immunohistochemistry and In Situ Hybridization (IHC/ISH) to detect gene overexpression and amplification in tissues on a binary scale that separately factors overexpression and gene amplification. I hypothesize that a static, one-time-only, tissue-only HER2 Companion Diagnostics (CDx), like the one we presently use, should be revised, or dismissed. This scale assigns defined cut-offs for conventional HER2 blockade therapy, e.g., tumors are either HER2 or non-HER2. This view is probably simplistic, because novel anti HER2 agents may effectively target both HER2-high and HER2-low tumors, and HER2 levels wane during therapy. In this thesis, I defend the hypothesis that HER2 functional expression should be assessed longitudinally (on a continuous scale, and bimodally), e.g. (over)expression and Copy Number Variation (CNV) should be fully co-factored into a novel CDx scheme, enabling dynamic reallocation of patients to different subtypes and assign non-standard treatment in a potentially practice-changing setting. I present data showing that LB may help redesigning CDx in advanced breast cancer. As an example, I briefly summarize LiqBreasTrack, a recent LB NGS study, carried out during my thesis, published at the time of writing (Allegretti M., Fabi A. et al. Molecular Cancer 2021). I also describe HER2-2D, a bidimensional LB assay that estimates HER2 CNV and HER2 protein level in the first and second dimensions, respectively. This is presently unpublished and personally developed. The assay takes advantage of customized digital PCR and a commercial ELISA, it is equally applicable to tissues and blood, and yields a cumulative HER2 score. HER2-2D main application is in blood, and I will describe a subset of breast cancer tumors/patients electively susceptible to HER2 blockade by Trastuzumab Emtansine (T-DM1), a potent Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) targeting HER2. I will briefly mention a collaboration with the laboratory of Prof. Francesco Michelotti at the University of Sapienza, Rome, aimed at the construction of a novel Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging (SPRI) biosensor for the rapid, simple and label-free detection of HER2, for future applications in the Health Technology Assessment area. In summary, thorough LB we show that HER2 is an adaptive tumor feature, and that its changes (amongst more general genomic changes) in blood may find application to adaptively assign target therapy to defined, distinct cohorts of breast cancer patients characterized by different degrees of HER2 oncogenic addiction.
GAMBARI, Roberto
PINTON, Paolo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2481324
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