In recent years the phenomenon of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is increasing and is posing a challenge for institutions, clinical and forensic professionals. 4,4’-Dimethylaminorex (4,4’-DMAR) is a new synthetic stimulant, recently scheduled, and only a little information has been made available so far regarding its pharmaco-toxicological effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the systemic administration of both the single (±)cis (0.1–60 mg/kg) and (±)trans (30 and 60 mg/kg) stereoisomers and their co-administration (e.g., (±)cis at 1, 10 or 60 mg/kg + (±)trans at 30 mg/kg) in mice. Moreover, we investigated the effect of 4,4′-DMAR on the expression of markers of oxidative/nitrosative stress (8-OHdG, iNOS, NT and NOX2), apoptosis (Smac/DIABLO and NF-κB), and heat shock proteins (HSP27, HSP70, HSP90) in the cerebral cortex with immunohistochemical techniques. Our study demonstrated that the (±)cis stereoisomer dose-dependently induced psychomotor agitation, sweating, salivation, hyperthermia, stimulated aggression, convulsions and death, while the (±)trans stereoisomer was ineffective. The stereoisomers’ co-administration resulted in a worsening of the toxic (±)cis stereoisomer effects. This trend of responses was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis on the cortex. We demonstrated a pro-apoptotic activity of 4,4′-DMAR, as well as the ability to induce radical stress in the brain. Finally, we investigated the potentially toxic effects of stereoisomer co-administration by studying urinary excretion. The excretion study showed that the (±)trans stereoisomer reduced the metabolism of the (±)cis form and increased its amount in the urine, possibly reflecting its increased plasma levels and, therefore, the worsening of its toxicity.
Negli ultimi anni il fenomeno delle nuove sostanze psicoattive (NPS) è in aumento e rappresenta una sfida per le istituzioni, i professionisti clinici e forensi. Il 4,4'-Dimethylaminorex (4,4'-DMAR) è un nuovo stimolante sintetico, recentemente tabellato, e finora sono note disponibili solo poche informazioni sui suoi effetti farmaco-tossicologici. Questo studio mira a valutare gli effetti della somministrazione sistemica di entrambi gli stereoisomeri singoli (±)cis (0,1-60 mg/kg) e (±)trans (30 e 60 mg/kg) e la loro co-somministrazione (ad es. ±)cis a 1, 10 o 60 mg/kg + (±)trans a 30 mg/kg) nei topi. Inoltre, abbiamo studiato l'effetto di 4,4′-DMAR sull'espressione di marcatori di stress ossidativo/nitrosativo (8-OHdG, iNOS, NT e NOX2), apoptosi (Smac/DIABLO e NF-κB) e proteine da shock termico (HSP27, HSP70, HSP90), nella corteccia cerebrale, con tecniche immunoistochimiche. Il nostro studio ha dimostrato che lo stereoisomero (±)cis induce agitazione psicomotoria, sudorazione, salivazione, ipertermia, stimolazione dell'aggressività, convulsioni e morte in modo dose-dipendente, mentre lo stereoisomero (±)trans era inefficace. La co-somministrazione degli stereoisomeri ha comportato un peggioramento degli effetti tossici degli stereoisomeri (±)cis. Questo schema di risposta è stato confermato dall'analisi immunoistochimica sulla corteccia. Abbiamo dimostrato un'attività pro-apoptotica di 4,4′-DMAR, nonché la capacità di indurre stress radicalico nell’encefalo. Infine, abbiamo studiato gli effetti potenzialmente tossici della co-somministrazione di stereoisomeri studiando l'escrezione urinaria. Questa analisi hanno mostrato che lo stereoisomero (±)trans ha ridotto il metabolismo della forma (±)cis e ne ha aumentato la quantità nelle urine, probabilmente riflettendo i suoi aumentati livelli plasmatici e, quindi, il peggioramento della sua tossicità.
Approccio multidisciplinare allo studio di tossicità e danno d'organo indotti da NPS (nuove sostanze psicoattive): 4,4’-Dimethylaminorex (4,4’-DMAR) come modello
FRISONI, Paolo
2022
Abstract
In recent years the phenomenon of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is increasing and is posing a challenge for institutions, clinical and forensic professionals. 4,4’-Dimethylaminorex (4,4’-DMAR) is a new synthetic stimulant, recently scheduled, and only a little information has been made available so far regarding its pharmaco-toxicological effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the systemic administration of both the single (±)cis (0.1–60 mg/kg) and (±)trans (30 and 60 mg/kg) stereoisomers and their co-administration (e.g., (±)cis at 1, 10 or 60 mg/kg + (±)trans at 30 mg/kg) in mice. Moreover, we investigated the effect of 4,4′-DMAR on the expression of markers of oxidative/nitrosative stress (8-OHdG, iNOS, NT and NOX2), apoptosis (Smac/DIABLO and NF-κB), and heat shock proteins (HSP27, HSP70, HSP90) in the cerebral cortex with immunohistochemical techniques. Our study demonstrated that the (±)cis stereoisomer dose-dependently induced psychomotor agitation, sweating, salivation, hyperthermia, stimulated aggression, convulsions and death, while the (±)trans stereoisomer was ineffective. The stereoisomers’ co-administration resulted in a worsening of the toxic (±)cis stereoisomer effects. This trend of responses was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis on the cortex. We demonstrated a pro-apoptotic activity of 4,4′-DMAR, as well as the ability to induce radical stress in the brain. Finally, we investigated the potentially toxic effects of stereoisomer co-administration by studying urinary excretion. The excretion study showed that the (±)trans stereoisomer reduced the metabolism of the (±)cis form and increased its amount in the urine, possibly reflecting its increased plasma levels and, therefore, the worsening of its toxicity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Tesi Frisoni PDFA.pdf
accesso aperto
Descrizione: Tesi
Tipologia:
Tesi di dottorato
Licenza:
DRM non definito
Dimensione
14.8 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
14.8 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in SFERA sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.