Literature concerning the lower limbs physiological venous haemodynamics is still lacking of reference velocity values and consequent impact on drainage direction.Aim of this thesis is to assess the flow velocities in the different venous compartments, evaluating the possible Venturi effect role both in physiological and pathological scenarios, thus providing new clues for the identification of the physical model governing the flow direction.Two separate data collections were performed, in physiological and pathological scenarios respectively. In the physiological side of the investigation, 36 lower limbs underwent a velocity and diameters echo-color-Doppler assessment in several anatomical points of analysis along both the deep and superficial venous systems. The investigation protocol included and compared two different manoeuvres to elicit the flow: manual calf compression/relaxation (CR) and active foot dorsiflexion (AFD). Both peak systolic (PSV) and time average velocities (TAV) were measured. In the pathological scenario, venous Doppler scanning was performed on 40 lower limbs of 28 patients affected by superficial chronic venous disease (CVD) (mean age 56+6, M/F: 1/1, BMI 23+2, C2-6Ep,As,Pr). Diameters, PSV, peak diastolic velocity (PDV), EDV, reflux time (RT), resistance index (RI) and diastolic time average velocity (DTAV) were measured in three different groups of venous segments: great saphenous vein (GSV) at 2 cm above the origin of the incompetent tributary (T)(Group-A), GSV at 2 cm below the origin of the incompetent T (Group-B), incompetent tributary at 2 cm from its origin from the GSV (Group-C) C/R manoeuvre was used to elicit flow. In the physiological cases, the different venous segments demonstrated an overlap among the velocity values and the anatomical subdivision of the deep and superficial compartments. At the C/R, TAV was 34±12 cm/s in the deep venous system AC1, 15±7 cm/s in the saphenous system AC2, 5±2 cm/s in the saphenous tributaries AC3; PSV was 89±35 cm/s in AC1, 34±16 cm/s in AC2, 11±4 cm/s in AC3, p<0.05. At the AFD, TAV was 33±13 cm/s in AC1, 15±7 in AC2, 9±5 in AC3; PSV was 83±35 in AC1, 32±17 in AC2, 15±4 in AC3, p<0.05. A diameter decrease was reported from AC1 to AC3 (p<0.05). In the group affected by CVD, no differences were demonstrated among PSV of group-A and C (p:ns). PSV in group-B (16.7+6.6 cm/s) was significantly lower than in group-A (30.5+12.1 cm/s; p=0001) and C (28.1+15 cm/s; p=0.0001). PSV in group-A was not significantly different from group-C. PDV was significantly higher in group-C (-60.2+25 cm/s) compared to group-A (-36.8+12.9 cm/s; p=0.0001) and group-B (-15.1+4.4 cm/s; p=.0001). There was no significant difference in EDV and RT among the three groups. RI was significantly higher in group-B (1.7+0.8) compared to group-A (1.4+0.2) (p=.04). RI in group-A was not significantly different from group-C (1.4+0.1). Group-B and C RI was significantly different (p=.03). DTAV was significantly higher in group-C (-21.3+8.5cm/s) compared to group-A (-15.7+5.2 cm/s; p=.0001) and group-B (-11.1+2.9 cm/s; p=.0001). In group-B, DTAV was significantly lower than in group-C (p=.0001). Venous diameter was significantly larger in A (5.9+0.9 mm) compared to C (3.8+0.8 mm)(p=.0001). Group-A and B (3.8+0.5 mm) diameters were significantly different (p=.0001). Group-B diameter was not significantly different from group-C. This thesis provides evidences of the physiological velocity decrease from the deepest to the most superficial compartments. In case of venous valve incompetence, a subversion of the hierarchical order of drainage occurs. The data setting from the pathological cases demonstrates that this drainage subversion is associated with a velocity gradient inversion among the anatomical compartments. Such findings can constitute the basis for further investigations in pathological and post-procedural scenarios.

Lo studio dell'emodinamica venosa degli arti inferiori necessita ancora del supporto di dati oggettivi volti a convalidare un modello fisico descrittivo del drenaggio dell’arto inferiore. Lo scopo di questa tesi è misurare le velocità di flusso venoso nei diversi compartimenti anatomici, valutando il possibile ruolo dell’effetto Venturi nei diversi scenari sia fisiologici che patologici, fornendo così dati oggettivi e parametri emodinamici innovativi utili all'individuazione di un modello fisico. Due raccolte di dati separate sono state eseguiti sia in scenari fisiologici che patologici. La raccolta dati in condizioni fisiologiche, sono stati sottoposti a protocollo eco color Doppler 36 arti inferiori rilevando velocità di flusso e diametri in diversi punti anatomici di analisi lungo i sistemi venosi profondi e superficiali. Il protocollo di indagine ha incluso e comparato due differenti manovre di sollecitazione del flusso venoso: una passiva di compressione e rilasciamento manuale dei muscoli del polpaccio (CR) e una attiva di flessione dorsale del piede (AFD). Sono stati misurati sia il picco di velocità sistolico (PSV) che la time average velocity (TAV). Per lo scenario patologico, il protocollo eco color Doppler venoso è stato eseguito su 40 arti inferiori di 28 pazienti affetti da insufficienza venosa cronica superficiale (età media 56±6; rapporto M/F 1:1, BMI 23±2, C2-6Ep,As,Pr). Le misurazioni sono state eseguite a livello di tre diversi segmenti venosi: vena grande safena (GSV) a 2 cm sopra l'origine della tributaria incompetente (T) (segmento-A), GSV 2 cm sotto l'origine della tributaria incompetente (segmento-B), tributaria incompetente a 2 cm dall’origine dalla GSV (segmento-C). Sono stati rilevati i seguenti parametri emodinamici e morfologici: diametri, PSV, velocità si picco diastolica (PDV) , tempo di reflusso (RT), indice di resistenza (RI), velocità media diastolica (DTAV). Per sollecitare il reflusso è stata usata la manovra C/R del muscolo tricipite surale. Nei casi fisiologici, le misurazione eseguite nei diversi segmenti venosi, hanno dimostrato una sovrapposizione tra i valori di velocità e la suddivisione dei compartimenti anatomici (AC) profondi e superficiali. Nello scenario patologico PSV misurata nel segmento-B (16.7±6.6 cm/s) è risultata significativamente più bassa rispetto al segmento-A (30.5 ±12.1 cm/s; p=0001) ed al segmento-C (28.1±15 cm/s; p=.0001). Nessuna differenza significativa invece, è stata registrata tra le velocità di picco sistolico misurate nel segmento-A e nel segmento-C.PDV misurata nel segmento-C (-60.2±25 cm/s) è risultata significativamente più alta rispetto al segmento-A (-36.8±12,9 cm/s; p=.0001) ed al segmento-B (-15.1±4,4 cm/s; p=.0001). DTA ed RT non sono state rilevate differenze statisticamente significative nei 3 diversi segmenti venosi. RI, è risultata significativamente più alta nel segmento-B (1.7±08) rispetto sia al segmento-A (1.4±0.2; p=.04), che al segmento-C (1.4±0.1; p=.03); mentre tra il segmento-A ed il segmento-C non sono state rilevate differenze significative. Un aumento della DTAV è stato misurato nel segmento-C (-21.3±8.5 cm/s) rispetto al segmento-A (-15.7±5.2 cm/s; p=.0001) ed ll segmento-B (-11.1±2.9 cm/s; p=.0001); così come quest’ultimo ha presentato una significativa diminuzione anche rispetto al segmento-C(p=.0001). E' stato misurato un significativo aumento del diametro del vaso nel segmento-A (5.9±0.9 mm) rispetto al segmento-B (3.8±0.5 mm; p=.0001)e C (3.8 ±0.8 mm; p=.0001). Questa tesi fornisce evidenze riguardo la diminuzione delle velocità in condizioni fisiologiche dal sistema venoso profondo ai compartimenti più superficiali. In caso invece di patologia venosa cronica, un si verifica un sovvertimento dell'ordine gerarchico di drenaggio.

Lower limb venous kinetics and their impact on drainage direction

GIANESINI, Sergio
2017

Abstract

Literature concerning the lower limbs physiological venous haemodynamics is still lacking of reference velocity values and consequent impact on drainage direction.Aim of this thesis is to assess the flow velocities in the different venous compartments, evaluating the possible Venturi effect role both in physiological and pathological scenarios, thus providing new clues for the identification of the physical model governing the flow direction.Two separate data collections were performed, in physiological and pathological scenarios respectively. In the physiological side of the investigation, 36 lower limbs underwent a velocity and diameters echo-color-Doppler assessment in several anatomical points of analysis along both the deep and superficial venous systems. The investigation protocol included and compared two different manoeuvres to elicit the flow: manual calf compression/relaxation (CR) and active foot dorsiflexion (AFD). Both peak systolic (PSV) and time average velocities (TAV) were measured. In the pathological scenario, venous Doppler scanning was performed on 40 lower limbs of 28 patients affected by superficial chronic venous disease (CVD) (mean age 56+6, M/F: 1/1, BMI 23+2, C2-6Ep,As,Pr). Diameters, PSV, peak diastolic velocity (PDV), EDV, reflux time (RT), resistance index (RI) and diastolic time average velocity (DTAV) were measured in three different groups of venous segments: great saphenous vein (GSV) at 2 cm above the origin of the incompetent tributary (T)(Group-A), GSV at 2 cm below the origin of the incompetent T (Group-B), incompetent tributary at 2 cm from its origin from the GSV (Group-C) C/R manoeuvre was used to elicit flow. In the physiological cases, the different venous segments demonstrated an overlap among the velocity values and the anatomical subdivision of the deep and superficial compartments. At the C/R, TAV was 34±12 cm/s in the deep venous system AC1, 15±7 cm/s in the saphenous system AC2, 5±2 cm/s in the saphenous tributaries AC3; PSV was 89±35 cm/s in AC1, 34±16 cm/s in AC2, 11±4 cm/s in AC3, p<0.05. At the AFD, TAV was 33±13 cm/s in AC1, 15±7 in AC2, 9±5 in AC3; PSV was 83±35 in AC1, 32±17 in AC2, 15±4 in AC3, p<0.05. A diameter decrease was reported from AC1 to AC3 (p<0.05). In the group affected by CVD, no differences were demonstrated among PSV of group-A and C (p:ns). PSV in group-B (16.7+6.6 cm/s) was significantly lower than in group-A (30.5+12.1 cm/s; p=0001) and C (28.1+15 cm/s; p=0.0001). PSV in group-A was not significantly different from group-C. PDV was significantly higher in group-C (-60.2+25 cm/s) compared to group-A (-36.8+12.9 cm/s; p=0.0001) and group-B (-15.1+4.4 cm/s; p=.0001). There was no significant difference in EDV and RT among the three groups. RI was significantly higher in group-B (1.7+0.8) compared to group-A (1.4+0.2) (p=.04). RI in group-A was not significantly different from group-C (1.4+0.1). Group-B and C RI was significantly different (p=.03). DTAV was significantly higher in group-C (-21.3+8.5cm/s) compared to group-A (-15.7+5.2 cm/s; p=.0001) and group-B (-11.1+2.9 cm/s; p=.0001). In group-B, DTAV was significantly lower than in group-C (p=.0001). Venous diameter was significantly larger in A (5.9+0.9 mm) compared to C (3.8+0.8 mm)(p=.0001). Group-A and B (3.8+0.5 mm) diameters were significantly different (p=.0001). Group-B diameter was not significantly different from group-C. This thesis provides evidences of the physiological velocity decrease from the deepest to the most superficial compartments. In case of venous valve incompetence, a subversion of the hierarchical order of drainage occurs. The data setting from the pathological cases demonstrates that this drainage subversion is associated with a velocity gradient inversion among the anatomical compartments. Such findings can constitute the basis for further investigations in pathological and post-procedural scenarios.
ZAMBONI, Paolo
BERNARDI, Francesco
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
Sergio Gianesini DEF.pdf

accesso aperto

Descrizione: Sergio Gianesini DEF
Tipologia: Tesi di dottorato
Licenza: DRM non definito
Dimensione 3.88 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
3.88 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri

I documenti in SFERA sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2480046
 Attenzione

Attenzione! I dati visualizzati non sono stati sottoposti a validazione da parte dell'ateneo

Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? ND
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
social impact