The opportunistic, oyster-like bivalve Chondrodonta, common in Tethyan Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates, shows peaks of concentration during the Aptian – Cenomanian time interval. Despite this, neither a temporal nor a causal relationship between the flourishing of this bivalve and Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) has emerged yet. The stratigraphic distribution and the ecological significance of Chondrodonta have been analyzed to both define the timing between its accumulations and OAEs and infer OAE-related environmental perturbations triggering its proliferation. The studied Chondrodonta accumulations occur in inner platform limestones of the lower Aptian Apulia Carbonate Platform straddling OAE1a, and of the upper Cenomanian Adriatic Carbonate Platform straddling OAE2. The stratigraphic framework around the Chondrodonta beds has been built using biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic data. Palaeoenvironmental changes associated with its proliferation have been inferred by coupling sedimentologic-lithostratigraphic analyses with the concentration of major, trace elements and REE. Based on platform-to-basin stratigraphic correlations, the lower Aptian Chondrodonta beds occur right below the negative δ13C excursion marking the onset of OAE1a and the upper Cenomanian beds occur below the δ13C positive excursion of the OAE2 interval. In both cases, Chondrodonta appears in the stratigraphic succession associated with rudist limestones and then reaches a phase of maximum proliferation and predominance over rudists at the prelude of OAEs. As emerged by stratigraphic and geochemical analyses, the Chondrodonta proliferation occurred in an interval of increasing nutrients and in low-energy seawaters with fluctuating oxygenation and intermittent terrigenous inputs. These environmental changes prevented the settlement of the less tolerant rudists while they promoted the thriving of Chondrodonta in monospecific (or quasi-) benthic communities close to the onset of OAEs. The intervals of Chondrodonta proliferation also correlate to increasing fertility and environmental deterioration in the nearby basins. Further, the stratigraphic position of lower Aptian and upper Cenomanian Chondrodonta accumulations in worldwide carbonate platforms located at different palaeolatitudes and climates, generally predates the onset of OAEs and enables to consider the proliferation of this bivalve as a regional bioevent. Accordingly, the flourishing of Chondrodonta is ascribable within an environmental “window”, triggered by the changing climate preluding OAEs and mainly resulted in nutrient pulses on the platforms top. The opportunistic behavior of Chondrodonta was rather efficient in the transition from oligo- to mesotrophic conditions in shallow-water carbonate areas. This oyster-like bivalve benefitted from this environmental instability and occupied a short-lived environmental niche between more stable, stenotopic and eurytopic benthic communities. The occurrence and duration of this environmental “window” were also controlled by local, quick fluctuations in other seawater parameters (e.g., oxygenation, terrigenous inputs) and by limiting environmental factors related to palaeogeography and hydrodynamics. However, further increase of inhospitable conditions leading to OAEs inhibited the proliferation of the bivalve, allowing fully mesotrophic taxa to dominate the benthic community. This is particularly demonstrated for the early Aptian Chondrodonta, abruptly outpaced by mesotrophic assemblages at the onset of OAE1a. The proliferation of Chondrodonta can be, therefore, used as a regional stratigraphic marker for an early phase of environmental stress in shallow-water carbonate platforms. Its transitionary predominance within the benthic community represents the biotic response of the Cretaceous shallow-water carbonate systems to increasing environmental deterioration peaking with Oceanic Anoxic Events 1a and 2.
La Chondrodonta, un bivalve simil-ostreide e opportunista, è comunemente riportata nelle piattaforme carbonatiche Tetidee del Cretaceo, con una particolare concentrazione nel periodo Aptiano – Cenomaniano. Nonostante ciò, non è ancora emersa una chiara relazione né temporale né causale tra la proliferazione di questo bivalve e gli Eventi Anossici Oceanici (OAEs). Per tali ragioni, la distribuzione stratigrafica e il significato paleoecologico della Chondrodonta sono stati analizzati ai fini di stabilire un preciso rapporto temporale tra i suoi accumuli e gli OAEs e di definire le possibili perturbazioni ambientali alla base della sua proliferazione. Gli accumuli di Chondrodonta analizzati affiorano nelle successioni carbonatiche di piattaforma interna della Piattaforma Apula (Aptiano inferiore, a ridosso dell’OAE1a), e della Piattaforma Adriatica (Cenomaniano superiore, a ridosso dell’OAE2). Il contesto stratigrafico intorno agli accumuli è stato ricostruito attraverso analisi bio- e chemostratigrafiche. Analisi sedimentologico-litostratigrafiche e geochimiche (concentrazione di elementi maggiori, in traccia e di Terre Rare) hanno permesso di dedurre le variazioni paleo-ambientali associate alla proliferazione del bivalve. Sulla base della correlazione dei record isotopici tra piattaforma e bacino, si è osservato come gli accumuli di Chondrodonta ricadano al di sotto delle tipiche escursioni nella curva del δ13C che segnano, rispettivamente, l’inizio dell’OAE1a e dell’OAE2. In entrambe le successioni studiate, la Chondrodonta appare subordinata all’interno dei calcari a rudiste e raggiunge una fase di massima proliferazione e predominanza sulle stesse rudiste in prossimità dell’inizio degli eventi anossici. Dalle analisi stratigrafiche e geochimiche è emerso come gli intervalli di proliferazione di Chondrodonta siano caratterizzati da un aumento di nutrienti oltre la soglia di tollerabilità per le rudiste, e da fluttuazioni nell’ossigenazione e nell’apporto terrigeno in acque di bassa energia. Gli intervalli a Chondrodonta sono stati correlati anche ad una crescente fertilità e ad un progressivo deterioramento ambientale nelle vicine aree bacinali. La posizione stratigrafica degli accumuli globali di Chondrodonta precede l’inizio degli OAE1a e 2 in piattaforme carbonatiche poste a differenti latitudini e condizioni climatiche, permettendo di considerare la proliferazione di questo bivalve come un bioevento a scala regionale. La proliferazione di Chondrodonta risulta quindi inseribile all’interno di una “finestra ambientale”, innescata dai cambiamenti climatici che preludono gli OAEs e principalmente caratterizzata da un aumento di nutrienti sulle piattaforme carbonatiche. Il bivalve opportunista Chondrodonta beneficia, infatti, della transizione da condizioni oligotrofiche a mesotrofiche in piattaforma, occupando una nicchia ecologica posta al passaggio tra comunità stenotopiche ed euritopiche. La presenza e la durata della “finestra ambientale” sono controllate anche da condizioni paleo-geografiche e idrodinamiche locali così come da locali fluttuazioni nell’ossigenazione delle acque e negli apporti terrigeni. L’eccessivo deterioramento delle condizioni ambientali all’inizio degli OAEs inibisce, per contro, la proliferazione della Chondrodonta provocando la sua scomparsa dalla comunità bentonica in favore di specie propriamente mesotrofiche come dimostrato per la Chondrodonta dell’Aptiano inferiore all’inizio dell’OAE1a. La proliferazione della Chondrodonta rappresenta, quindi, un marker stratigrafico a scala regionale del crescente stress ambientale in piattaforma. La predominanza transitoria della Chondrodonta all’interno della comunità bentonica costituisce la risposta biologica dei sistemi carbonatici di acque basse al crescente deterioramento ambientale che culmina con gli Eventi Anossici Oceanici 1a e 2 del Cretaceo.
Chondrodonta (Bivalvia) proliferation in peri-Adriatic shallow-water carbonates: a bioevent preluding the Cretaceous OAE1a and OAE2
DEL VISCIO, Gabriella
2021
Abstract
The opportunistic, oyster-like bivalve Chondrodonta, common in Tethyan Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates, shows peaks of concentration during the Aptian – Cenomanian time interval. Despite this, neither a temporal nor a causal relationship between the flourishing of this bivalve and Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) has emerged yet. The stratigraphic distribution and the ecological significance of Chondrodonta have been analyzed to both define the timing between its accumulations and OAEs and infer OAE-related environmental perturbations triggering its proliferation. The studied Chondrodonta accumulations occur in inner platform limestones of the lower Aptian Apulia Carbonate Platform straddling OAE1a, and of the upper Cenomanian Adriatic Carbonate Platform straddling OAE2. The stratigraphic framework around the Chondrodonta beds has been built using biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic data. Palaeoenvironmental changes associated with its proliferation have been inferred by coupling sedimentologic-lithostratigraphic analyses with the concentration of major, trace elements and REE. Based on platform-to-basin stratigraphic correlations, the lower Aptian Chondrodonta beds occur right below the negative δ13C excursion marking the onset of OAE1a and the upper Cenomanian beds occur below the δ13C positive excursion of the OAE2 interval. In both cases, Chondrodonta appears in the stratigraphic succession associated with rudist limestones and then reaches a phase of maximum proliferation and predominance over rudists at the prelude of OAEs. As emerged by stratigraphic and geochemical analyses, the Chondrodonta proliferation occurred in an interval of increasing nutrients and in low-energy seawaters with fluctuating oxygenation and intermittent terrigenous inputs. These environmental changes prevented the settlement of the less tolerant rudists while they promoted the thriving of Chondrodonta in monospecific (or quasi-) benthic communities close to the onset of OAEs. The intervals of Chondrodonta proliferation also correlate to increasing fertility and environmental deterioration in the nearby basins. Further, the stratigraphic position of lower Aptian and upper Cenomanian Chondrodonta accumulations in worldwide carbonate platforms located at different palaeolatitudes and climates, generally predates the onset of OAEs and enables to consider the proliferation of this bivalve as a regional bioevent. Accordingly, the flourishing of Chondrodonta is ascribable within an environmental “window”, triggered by the changing climate preluding OAEs and mainly resulted in nutrient pulses on the platforms top. The opportunistic behavior of Chondrodonta was rather efficient in the transition from oligo- to mesotrophic conditions in shallow-water carbonate areas. This oyster-like bivalve benefitted from this environmental instability and occupied a short-lived environmental niche between more stable, stenotopic and eurytopic benthic communities. The occurrence and duration of this environmental “window” were also controlled by local, quick fluctuations in other seawater parameters (e.g., oxygenation, terrigenous inputs) and by limiting environmental factors related to palaeogeography and hydrodynamics. However, further increase of inhospitable conditions leading to OAEs inhibited the proliferation of the bivalve, allowing fully mesotrophic taxa to dominate the benthic community. This is particularly demonstrated for the early Aptian Chondrodonta, abruptly outpaced by mesotrophic assemblages at the onset of OAE1a. The proliferation of Chondrodonta can be, therefore, used as a regional stratigraphic marker for an early phase of environmental stress in shallow-water carbonate platforms. Its transitionary predominance within the benthic community represents the biotic response of the Cretaceous shallow-water carbonate systems to increasing environmental deterioration peaking with Oceanic Anoxic Events 1a and 2.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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