During the Carnian age (early Late Triassic), a global climate change took place later termed the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE) and dated through biostratigraphic calibration from the Julian 2 to the Tuvalian 2 intervals. The CPE was an interval of climatic change towards more humid conditions. Multiple negative carbon isotope excursions (NCIE) suggest the injection of large amount of 13C-depleted CO2 into the Carnian ocean-atmosphere system that could have been induced by volcanic gas emissions related to Wrangellia Large Igneous Province (LIP) volcanism, or other coeval volcanic events. A detailed fieldwork, together with paleobotanical, palynological, stratigraphical, and sedimentological study was performed on the upper Triassic successions of Turan Plate (NE Iran) and Iran Plate (Central Iran) to peruse the signals of CPE in these regions.The Middle-Upper Triassic Aghdarband Basin (NE Iran), consists of marine, marginal marine and continental succession deposited along the southern margin of Eurasia (Turan Plate) in a highly mobile tectonic context. The core of the Aghdarband Syncline consists of a sequence of fine siliciclastic sediments with a distinct continental interval forming the Miankuhi Formation. The continental interval of Miankuhi Fm. rests on an unconformity surface separating it from the underlying Sina Formation. The paleobotanical assessments of the upper Triassic successions the Aghdarband Basin resulted in the identification of a plant fossil assemblage coming from the basal continental facies of the Miankuhi Formation dominated by roots and vegetative organs of Neocalamites iranensis n. sp., with few seeds and plant fossils of undefined botanical affinity. Well-preserved terrestrial palynomorphs from the studied interval confirmed a latest early Carnian to late Carnian age and reveal, for the first time, a clear link between this plant-bearing continental wet interval, and the CPE in the Turan plate (southern margin of Eurasia) and Iran region. Results of the qualitative and quantitative palynological analysis document an increase in the hygrophytic vegetation elements in the studied area coincident with the one found in the Tethyan same latitude belt suggesting more humid climate in the lower part of the Minakuhi Formation, corresponding to the CPE. The sedimentological and stratigraphical analyses resulted in determination of an interval of fluvial deposits with histosol levels at the basal Miankuhi Formation suggesting the prevalence of humid climate in the studied area by that time. The defined unconformable boundary between the formations is, consequently, interpreted as a result of a sea level fall associated with a climatic shift towards more humidity, decoupling the impact of Eo-Cimmerian collision on the birth of this unconformity in our studied area. The results suggests that this orogenic event is younger than Carnian and positioned somewhere before the Middle-Norian. However, the exact timing of this event and how it evolved remains controversial. Palynological investigations of the Nayband Formation (Iran Plate), revealed moderately diverse dinoflagellate cyst assemblages which confirmed a middle Norian-Rhaetian age for the studied interval in Iran Plate. Measurement of sedimentary mercury concentrations and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) contents were applied to the four composite sections from the Western Tethys realm to track the hypothesis sources of CPE. Data show increased Hg loading in the Tethyan basins during the CPE. The changes in Hg concentration can be related to coeval LIP volcanism, revealing the close link between these huge volcanic events and profound global climatic changes.
Durante il Carnico (Triassico Superiore), c’è stata una perturbazione climatica registrata a scala globale conosciuta come Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE) e è datato mediante calibrazione biostratigrafica dall'intervallo Julico 2 e Tuvalico 2. Il CPE è stato un intervallo di cambiamento climatico verso condizioni più umide. La presenza di diverse escursioni isotopiche negative del carbonio (NCIE) suggeriscono l'iniezione nel sistema oceano-atmosfera di una grande quantità di CO2 impoverita di 13C, che potrebbe essere stata indotta da emissioni di gas vulcanici legati al vulcanismo della Wrangellia Large Igneous Province (LIP) o da altri eventi vulcanici coevi a questa. Un dettagliato lavoro sul terreno, studio paleobotanico, palinologico, stratigrafico e sedimentologico sulle successioni del Triassico sup. della Turan Plate (Iran NE) e della placca iraniana per ricercare eventuali segnali del CPE in queste regioni. Il Bacino di Aghdarband (NE Iran), consiste in una successione marina, marino marginale e continentale che documenta una successione sedimentaria, che va dal Triassico medio a quello superiore, e documenta la sedimentazione in bacini tettonicamente molto attivi, in un contesto di convergenza di placche lungo il margine meridionale di Eurasia. Il nucleo della sinclinale di Aghdarband è dato dalla Formazione di Miankuhi, una sequenza di sedimenti fini silicoclastici con alla base un distinto intervallo continentale. Questo intervallo basale continentale giace con una netta superficie erosiva sulla sottostante Sina Fm.. Le analisi paleobotaniche delle successioni del Triassico superiore del bacino di Aghdarband hanno portato all'identificazione di un’associazione di fossili vegetali provenienti dalla facies continentale basale della Fm. di Miankuhi, dominata da radici e organi vegetativi di Neocalamites iranensis n. sp., con pochi semi e fossili di piante di affinità botanica indefinita. Palinomorfi ben conservati da questo parte ha permesso di definire un'età Carnica (tardo Julico-Tuvalico) per questo intervallo stratigrafico rivelando, per la prima volta, un chiaro legame tra questa parte della successione e il CPE nel margine meridionale dell'Eurasia (Turan Plate) e nella intera regione iraniana. I risultati dell'analisi palinologica qualitativa e quantitativa documentano l'aumento degli elementi di vegetazione igrofita nell'area studiata coincide con quello riscontrato durante il CPE in altre località al margine della Tetide alla stessa latitudine, suggerendo anche qui una fase climatica più umida. Le analisi sedimentologiche e stratigrafiche hanno inoltre messo riconosciuto, nella parte basale della Fm. di Miankuhi, sedimenti fluviali associati suggerendo la prevalenza del clima umido nell'area studiata in quel momento. Il limite netto ed erosivo tra le formazioni di Sina e Miankuhi, tradizionalmente interpretato come evidenza della fase collisionale cosiddetta Eo-Cimmerica è, di qui interpretato come il risultato di una caduta relativa del livello del mare. La fase collisionale Eo-Cimmerica deve essere quindi datata tra il Carnico (post-CPE) e il Norico medio. La tempistica esatta di questo evento e come si sia strutturato temporalmente rimane tuttavia controversa. I risultati delle indagini palinologiche della Formazione di Nayband (Iran Plate), hanno rivelato associazioni di dinoflagellati che hanno confermato un’età Norico-Retica per l'intervallo studiato. Le concentrazioni di mercurio sedimentario rapportandole con il contenuto di carbonio organico totale (TOC) sono stati applicati alle quattro sezioni composite della Tetide occidentale per tracciare la causa del CPE. I dati mostrano incrementi nella concentrazione del mercurio nei bacini della Tetide occidentale durante il CPE. I cambiamenti nella concentrazione di Hg possono essere correlati al vulcanismo di LIP, lo stretto legame tra questi enormi eventi vulcanici e i profondi cambiamenti climatici globali.
Carnian pluvial episode in Iran (Turan plate and Iran plate) and western Tethys domain
MAZAHERIJOHARI, Mina
2021
Abstract
During the Carnian age (early Late Triassic), a global climate change took place later termed the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE) and dated through biostratigraphic calibration from the Julian 2 to the Tuvalian 2 intervals. The CPE was an interval of climatic change towards more humid conditions. Multiple negative carbon isotope excursions (NCIE) suggest the injection of large amount of 13C-depleted CO2 into the Carnian ocean-atmosphere system that could have been induced by volcanic gas emissions related to Wrangellia Large Igneous Province (LIP) volcanism, or other coeval volcanic events. A detailed fieldwork, together with paleobotanical, palynological, stratigraphical, and sedimentological study was performed on the upper Triassic successions of Turan Plate (NE Iran) and Iran Plate (Central Iran) to peruse the signals of CPE in these regions.The Middle-Upper Triassic Aghdarband Basin (NE Iran), consists of marine, marginal marine and continental succession deposited along the southern margin of Eurasia (Turan Plate) in a highly mobile tectonic context. The core of the Aghdarband Syncline consists of a sequence of fine siliciclastic sediments with a distinct continental interval forming the Miankuhi Formation. The continental interval of Miankuhi Fm. rests on an unconformity surface separating it from the underlying Sina Formation. The paleobotanical assessments of the upper Triassic successions the Aghdarband Basin resulted in the identification of a plant fossil assemblage coming from the basal continental facies of the Miankuhi Formation dominated by roots and vegetative organs of Neocalamites iranensis n. sp., with few seeds and plant fossils of undefined botanical affinity. Well-preserved terrestrial palynomorphs from the studied interval confirmed a latest early Carnian to late Carnian age and reveal, for the first time, a clear link between this plant-bearing continental wet interval, and the CPE in the Turan plate (southern margin of Eurasia) and Iran region. Results of the qualitative and quantitative palynological analysis document an increase in the hygrophytic vegetation elements in the studied area coincident with the one found in the Tethyan same latitude belt suggesting more humid climate in the lower part of the Minakuhi Formation, corresponding to the CPE. The sedimentological and stratigraphical analyses resulted in determination of an interval of fluvial deposits with histosol levels at the basal Miankuhi Formation suggesting the prevalence of humid climate in the studied area by that time. The defined unconformable boundary between the formations is, consequently, interpreted as a result of a sea level fall associated with a climatic shift towards more humidity, decoupling the impact of Eo-Cimmerian collision on the birth of this unconformity in our studied area. The results suggests that this orogenic event is younger than Carnian and positioned somewhere before the Middle-Norian. However, the exact timing of this event and how it evolved remains controversial. Palynological investigations of the Nayband Formation (Iran Plate), revealed moderately diverse dinoflagellate cyst assemblages which confirmed a middle Norian-Rhaetian age for the studied interval in Iran Plate. Measurement of sedimentary mercury concentrations and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) contents were applied to the four composite sections from the Western Tethys realm to track the hypothesis sources of CPE. Data show increased Hg loading in the Tethyan basins during the CPE. The changes in Hg concentration can be related to coeval LIP volcanism, revealing the close link between these huge volcanic events and profound global climatic changes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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