Cystic fibrosis (CF) as a chronic illness affects secretory epithelium of the sweat and biliary glands, pancreas, the digestive and respiratory tracts, resulting in generalized malnutrition and chronic respiratory infections. It is an autosomal recessive genetic disease; therefore all individuals diagnosed clinically with CF have mutations in both Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene alleles. Regulation of CFTR by microRNAs (miRNAs) has been explored in CF for many years. In this study, we have tried to modulate miRNAs expression using peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs)-based antagomiRNAs and miRNA-masking PNAs. Peptide nucleic acids are very useful tools for gene regulation at different levels, but in particular in the last years their use for targeting microRNAs has provided impressive advancements. In particular, targeting of microRNAs involved in the repression of the expression of the CFTR Gene, which is defective in cystic fibrosis (CF), is a key step in the development of new types of treatment protocols. Main Objectives were (a) studies on changes of the CFTR Gene expression using PNAs targeting CFTR-regulating miRNAs (the miRNA antisense approach); (b) studies on changes of the CFTR Gene expression by masking the miRNA-binding sites with PNAs complementary to the 3’UTR sequence of the CFTR mRNA (the miRNA masking approach); (c) combined treatments, with particular focus on using CFTR correctors and potentiators; (d) validation of the miRNA masking approach in modifying the expression of key genes involved in other genetic diseases (i.e. KLF4 in β-thalassemia). Studies focusing on microRNAs involved in the repression of CFTR Gene, which is defective in cystic fibrosis, are of great importance in the development of new type of treatments of clinical impact. In the first part of our study, the use of an anti-miR PNA targeting the microRNA miR-145-5p was considered, as this miRNA is known to suppress CFTR expression. Octaarginine-anti-miR PNA conjugates were delivered to Calu-3 cells, for sequence dependent targeting of miR-145-5p. This allowed enhancing expression of the miR-145 regulated CFTR Gene, analyzed at mRNA and CFTR protein level. The objective of this part of the study was to design a PNA targeting miR-145, determine its activity in inhibiting miR-145, and verify whether it was able to induce an increase of CFTR production. Moreover, our preliminary results as shown above the effectivity of anti-miR-145-5p role in interfering the target binding sites related to miR-145-5p and how does it effects the CFTR Gene mRNA and protein content not only in non CF CALU-3 cells but also in CF cell lines such as CFBE e.g CFBE-41oΔF-508. In the second part of our study, we analyzed the effects of the anti-miR-145-5p PNA on another cell line, in order to confirm the results obtained on Calu-3cells and propose this strategy for CF patients. For this purpose, we used the CFBE-41o ΔF-508 cell line in order to demonstrate the effects of this miR-145-5p interference on CFTR Gene at mRNA and protein level. In the third part of our study, we tested a different approach to modify the biological activity of microRNAs, i.e. the strategy of masking the miRNA binding sites present within the 3’UTR region of the target mRNAs. The objective of this part of the study was to design a miRNA-masking PNA able to strongly interact with the binding sites of the miR-145-5p present within the 3’UTR of the CFTR mRNA and to determine its activity in inhibiting miR-145-5p function, with particular focus on the expression of both CFTR mRNA and CFTR protein in Calu-3 cells. The results obtained support the concept that the miR-145-masking PNA was able to interfere with miR-145-5p biological functions, leading to both an increase of CFTR mRNA and CFTR protein content. A final part of this study was to validate the miRNA-masking strategy for other genetic disorders (β-thalassemia).

La fibrosi cistica (CF, cystic fibrosis) è una malattia cronica che colpisce l'epitelio secretorio delle ghiandole sudoripare e biliari, del pancreas, dell'apparato digerente e respiratorio, con conseguente malnutrizione generalizzata e infezioni respiratorie croniche. È una patologia genetica autosomica recessiva; pertanto tutti gli individui con diagnosi clinica di CF presentano mutazioni in entrambi gli alleli del gene cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Per molti anni è stata studiata la regolazione dell’espressione di CFTR da parte dei microRNA (miRNA) nella CF. In questo studio abbiamo cercato di modulare l'espressione dei miRNA utilizzando acidi peptido-nucleici (PNA) antagomiRNA e PNA di masking. I PNA sono degli strumenti molto utili per la regolazione genica a differenti livelli, ma, in particolare negli ultimi anni, il loro utilizzo nel bersagliare i miRNA ha permesso enormi progressi. Nello specifico, bersagliare i miRNA coinvolti nella repressione del gene CFTR, il quale è difettivo nella CF, è fondamentale nello sviluppo di nuovi tipi di protocolli terapeutici.Gli obiettivi principali sono stati: (a) studiare la modulazione dell’espressione genica di CFTR usando PNA diretti contro miRNA implicati nella regolazione di CFTR (approccio antisenso); (b) e PNA, complementari alla sequenza 3’UTR dell’mRNA di CFTR, che mascherano i siti di legame dei miRNA (approccio di masking); (c) trattamenti combinati, con particolare attenzione all’utilizzo di correttori e potenziatori di CFTR; (d) convalidare l’approccio di masking dei miRNA nel modificare l’espressione di geni fondamentalli coinvolti in altre patologie genetiche, come ad esempio il gene KLF4 nella β-talassemia.Nella prima parte del nostro studio, l’attenzione è stata posta sul PNA anti-miR diretto contro il microRNA miR-145-5p, il quale è ben noto essere un repressore dell’espressione di CFTR. L’octaaginine-anti-miR-145-5p PNA è stato addizionato alle cellule Calu-3 determinando un incremento dell’espressione di CFTR, regolato dal miR-145, sia a livello di mRNA che proteico. L'obiettivo di questo studio è stato di progettare un PNA diretto contro miR-145, determinarne l’attività di inibizione del miR-145, e verificare se inducesse un aumento della produzione di CFTR. Inoltre, i nostri risultati preliminari, come detto precedentemente, hanno mostrato l'efficacia di anti-miR-145-5p nell'interferire con i siti di legame del miR-145-5p al bersaglio, e come ciò influisca sull'mRNA del gene CFTR e sul contenuto proteico, non solo in cellule non fibrocistiche Calu-3, ma anche in linee cellulari di CF come CFBE (e.g. CFBE-41oΔF-508).Infatti, nella seconda parte del nostro studio, abbiamo esteso l’analisi del PNA anti-miR-145-5p ad altre linee cellulari proprio per confermare i risultati ottenuti sulle cellule Calu-3 e proporre questa strategia per i pazienti CF. A tale scopo, abbiamo utilizzato la linea cellulare CFBE-41oΔF-508 per verificare gli effetti del anti-miR-145-5p PNA sul gene CFTR, sia a livello di mRNA che di contenuto proteico.Nella terza parte del nostro studio, abbiamo analizzato un differente approccio per modificare l’attività biologica dei miRNA: la strategia di mascherare i siti di legame dei miRNA presenti nella regione 3’UTR dell’mRNA bersaglio. L'obiettivo di questo studio è stato quello di progettare un PNA che mascherasse il sito di legame del miR-145-5p sul 3'UTR dell'mRNA CFTR, e di determinare la sua attività nell'inibire la funzione di miR-145-5p, con particolare attenzione all'espressione sia dell'mRNA di CFTR che della relativa proteina nelle cellule Calu-3. I risultati ottenuti supportano il concetto che il PNA che maschera il sito di legame per miR-145-5p sull'mRNA CFTR è in grado di interferire con le funzioni biologiche di miR-145-5p, portando ad un aumento sia dell'mRNA CFTR che del contenuto proteico.

Altering the biological functions of microRNAs by the miRNA-masking approach as a possible therapeutic strategy for rare diseases

SULTAN, Shaiq
2021

Abstract

Cystic fibrosis (CF) as a chronic illness affects secretory epithelium of the sweat and biliary glands, pancreas, the digestive and respiratory tracts, resulting in generalized malnutrition and chronic respiratory infections. It is an autosomal recessive genetic disease; therefore all individuals diagnosed clinically with CF have mutations in both Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene alleles. Regulation of CFTR by microRNAs (miRNAs) has been explored in CF for many years. In this study, we have tried to modulate miRNAs expression using peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs)-based antagomiRNAs and miRNA-masking PNAs. Peptide nucleic acids are very useful tools for gene regulation at different levels, but in particular in the last years their use for targeting microRNAs has provided impressive advancements. In particular, targeting of microRNAs involved in the repression of the expression of the CFTR Gene, which is defective in cystic fibrosis (CF), is a key step in the development of new types of treatment protocols. Main Objectives were (a) studies on changes of the CFTR Gene expression using PNAs targeting CFTR-regulating miRNAs (the miRNA antisense approach); (b) studies on changes of the CFTR Gene expression by masking the miRNA-binding sites with PNAs complementary to the 3’UTR sequence of the CFTR mRNA (the miRNA masking approach); (c) combined treatments, with particular focus on using CFTR correctors and potentiators; (d) validation of the miRNA masking approach in modifying the expression of key genes involved in other genetic diseases (i.e. KLF4 in β-thalassemia). Studies focusing on microRNAs involved in the repression of CFTR Gene, which is defective in cystic fibrosis, are of great importance in the development of new type of treatments of clinical impact. In the first part of our study, the use of an anti-miR PNA targeting the microRNA miR-145-5p was considered, as this miRNA is known to suppress CFTR expression. Octaarginine-anti-miR PNA conjugates were delivered to Calu-3 cells, for sequence dependent targeting of miR-145-5p. This allowed enhancing expression of the miR-145 regulated CFTR Gene, analyzed at mRNA and CFTR protein level. The objective of this part of the study was to design a PNA targeting miR-145, determine its activity in inhibiting miR-145, and verify whether it was able to induce an increase of CFTR production. Moreover, our preliminary results as shown above the effectivity of anti-miR-145-5p role in interfering the target binding sites related to miR-145-5p and how does it effects the CFTR Gene mRNA and protein content not only in non CF CALU-3 cells but also in CF cell lines such as CFBE e.g CFBE-41oΔF-508. In the second part of our study, we analyzed the effects of the anti-miR-145-5p PNA on another cell line, in order to confirm the results obtained on Calu-3cells and propose this strategy for CF patients. For this purpose, we used the CFBE-41o ΔF-508 cell line in order to demonstrate the effects of this miR-145-5p interference on CFTR Gene at mRNA and protein level. In the third part of our study, we tested a different approach to modify the biological activity of microRNAs, i.e. the strategy of masking the miRNA binding sites present within the 3’UTR region of the target mRNAs. The objective of this part of the study was to design a miRNA-masking PNA able to strongly interact with the binding sites of the miR-145-5p present within the 3’UTR of the CFTR mRNA and to determine its activity in inhibiting miR-145-5p function, with particular focus on the expression of both CFTR mRNA and CFTR protein in Calu-3 cells. The results obtained support the concept that the miR-145-masking PNA was able to interfere with miR-145-5p biological functions, leading to both an increase of CFTR mRNA and CFTR protein content. A final part of this study was to validate the miRNA-masking strategy for other genetic disorders (β-thalassemia).
GAMBARI, Roberto
BORGATTI, Monica
PINTON, Paolo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478838
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