INTRODUCTION Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) occurs in 3-5x1000 births with consequences as cerebral palsy, severe intellectual disabilities and minor behavioral and cognitive deficits risk. The gold standard for moderate-severe HIE is hypothermic treatment (HT), but emerging evidences suggest that infants with mild HIE not qualified for HT have an increased risk for neurodevelopmental impairment. Melatonin potentially acts in synergy with HT and is a good candidate for neuroprotection due to protective effects, including reactive oxygen species scavenging, excitotoxic cascade blockade and neuroinflammatory pathways modulation. Neuronal injury is caused by apoptotic and necrotic death, however, increased expression of autophagy and mitophagy has been detected in the basal ganglia, thalamus, cortex and hippocampus of asphyxiated newborns. Autophagy removes and recycles unnecessary and dysfunctional elements to sustain cellular energetic requirements. Atg5 is essential to downregulate autophagy activation. In the case of mitochondria, mitophagy removes the ones tagged as dysfunctional; Parkin marks mitochondria as ready to be digested. MELPRO Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in the recruiting phase. This project evaluates the neuroprotective properties and both the clinical and the molecular effects of melatonin with HT to the neuropsychological development and the autophagy and mitophagy. METHODS Is a trial on 100 neonates with moderate to severe HIE. Babies are randomized into placebo/hHT group (currently n=24) and melatonin/HT group (n=19). Newborns receive 5 daily enteral doses of melatonin (10 mg/kg) or placebo. Mitophagy and autophagy levels are measured during the first week of life in the 2 HIE groups. aEEG monitoring is performed during HT and re-warming. Brain MRI and Spectroscopy are performed between day 5 and 7. The infants will enter in a neurodevelopmental follow-up program using the Bayley Scales III until 2 years of age. RESULTS Melatonin group maintained higher level of Parking than placebo group at 5 and 7 days. However, data are incomplete and statistical analysis considered 43 babies with HIE. The neurological follow up is not yet available. AGAIN Multicenter, prospective study to evaluate the autophagy and mitophagy processes in newborns with metabolic acidosis at birth and/or mild HIE not qualified for HT. METHODS Infants with metabolic acidosis at birth and evidence of mild HIE not qualified for HT were recruited to evaluate plasma autophagy and mitophagy during the first week of life. Plasmatic changes were compared to healthy control and severe HIE. RESULTS Plasma concentrations of Parkin were statistically different among study groups and correlate with the severity of hypoxic insult at birth. Severe HIE had significantly higher levels of Parkin when compared to mild HIE and healthy neonates. At birth Parkin is significantly and inversely correlated with the arterial pH and directly proportional to lactates. In addition, over time, Parkin showed an 81% increase in mild HIE cohort compared to the 27% in the severe HT-treated pool. Severe HIE had significantly higher levels of Atg5 when compared to mild HIE and healthy neonates. CONCLUSIONS Literature reported that melatonin with HT improves the neurodevelopmental outcome. In this study melatonin with HT maintained higher the levels of Parking than placebo at 5-7 days. Data are incompleted as recruitment is ongoing. Parkin seems to be a promising biomarker both in correlation with the severity of the hypoxic insult at birth and in its ability to significantly and constantly increase over time in mild to severe HIE. This study has been drawn to evaluate the improvement of melatonin towards neurodevelopmental outcome in asphyxiated infants, however, to understand its molecular mechanisms on the brain and cellular metabolism, data must be confirmed with a larger sample size and more clinical trials.

INTRODUZIONE L’encefalopatia ipossico ischemica (EII) ha un’incidenza di 3-5x1000 nati vivi e può comportare paralisi cerebrale, disabilità intellettive severe e deficit cognitivi minori. L’ipotermia terapeutica (HT) rappresenta il trattamento di scelta dell’EII moderato-severa, tuttavia la letteratura dimostra che anche i neonati con EII lieve non trattati con HT sono a rischio di esiti neurologici a breve e lungo termine. La melatonina agisce in sinergia all'HT ed è una buona candidata come neuroprotettore per i suoi effetti di scavenger dei radicali liberi, blocco della cascata eccitotossica e modulazione dell’infiammazione. L’evento ipossico comporta la morte neuronale per apoptosi e necrosi, tuttavia è stato documentato anche un aumento dell’espressione di autofagia e mitofagia nei nuclei della base, talami, corteccia e ippocampo dei neonati asfittici. L'autofagia consente la rimozione o iI riciclaggio di componenti danneggiati o non più necessari per sostenere l’omeostasi cellulare e Atg5 è essenziale nella sua regolazione. Nel caso dei mitocondri, la mitofagia è responsabile della rimozione degli organelli non funzionanti e Parkin contrassegna i mitocondri pronti per essere digeriti. MELPRO studio prospettico multicentrico randomizzato non farmacologico, in doppio cieco in fase di reclutamento. Il progetto valuta sia gli effetti neuroprotettivi della melatonina associata all'HT, sia i suoi effetti sul processo di autofagia e mitofagia. PAZIENTI E METODI Verranno reclutati 100 neonati con EII moderato-severa. Attualmente sono stati randomizzati 24 neonati nel gruppo HT+placebo e 19 nel gruppo HT+melatonina. E’ somministrata melatonina (10 mg/kg), o placebo, per os per 5 giorni consecutivi. I livelli di Parkin e Atg5 vengono misurati nella prima settimana di vita nei 2 gruppi. Durante l’HT viene registrato l’EEG o aEEG e a 5-7 giorni di vita viene eseguita la RM encefalo con spettroscopia. I pazienti entrano in un programma di follow up eseguito con le scale Bayley III fino a 2 anni di età. RISULTATI L’analisi statistica è stata eseguita su 43 pazienti. Il follow up neuroevolutivo non è ancora disponibile. Dai primi dati la melatonina sembra prolungare l’effetto dell’HT mantenendo costante il processo di mitofagia. AGAIN studio prospettico, multicentrico. Vengono valutati l’autofagia e la mitofagia nei neonati con acidosi metabolica alla nascita e/o EII lieve che non soddisfano i criteri per l’HT. PAZIENTI E METODI Sono stati reclutatati i neonati con acidosi metabolica alla nascita e/o EII lieve non sottoposti a HT e sono stati eseguiti, nella prima settimana di vita, i dosaggi di Atg5 e Parkin per confrontarli con volontari sani e con neonati con EII severa sottoposta a HT. RISULTATI Le concentrazioni plasmatiche di Parkin sono risultate statisticamente differenti nei 3 gruppi e correlano con la severità dell’insulto ipossico ischemico. I neonati con EII severa hanno livelli di Parkin molto maggiori rispetto ai controlli sani e alle EII lievi e alla nascita correla con i lattati ed è inversamente proporzionale al pH arterioso. Inoltre, nel tempo, è risultato un incremento significativo di Parkin dell’81% nelle acidosi metaboliche alla nascita rispetto al 27% dei neonati sottoposti a HT. Atg5 è risultato significativamente più elevato nelle asfissie severe rispetto alle EII lievi e ai controlli sani. CONCLUSIONI Anche se il risultato non è definitivo, sembra che la melatonina prolunghi l’effetto dell’HT mantenendo elevati i livelli di mitofagia a 5 e 7 giorni. Parkin potrebbe essere un biomarker promettente per la sua correlazione con la severità dell’insulto ipossico e per il suo andamento nel tempo. Questo studio è stato disegnato per valutare l’effetto neuroprotettivo della melatonina, per comprenderne il meccanismo e l’effetto sul metabolismo cellulare. I risultati devono essere confermati co un ampio campione e maggiori trials clinici.

Utilizzo della melatonina come neuroprotettore dell'encefalopatia ipossico ischemica neonatale e identificazione di un possibile biomarker

TAROCCO, Anna
2021

Abstract

INTRODUCTION Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) occurs in 3-5x1000 births with consequences as cerebral palsy, severe intellectual disabilities and minor behavioral and cognitive deficits risk. The gold standard for moderate-severe HIE is hypothermic treatment (HT), but emerging evidences suggest that infants with mild HIE not qualified for HT have an increased risk for neurodevelopmental impairment. Melatonin potentially acts in synergy with HT and is a good candidate for neuroprotection due to protective effects, including reactive oxygen species scavenging, excitotoxic cascade blockade and neuroinflammatory pathways modulation. Neuronal injury is caused by apoptotic and necrotic death, however, increased expression of autophagy and mitophagy has been detected in the basal ganglia, thalamus, cortex and hippocampus of asphyxiated newborns. Autophagy removes and recycles unnecessary and dysfunctional elements to sustain cellular energetic requirements. Atg5 is essential to downregulate autophagy activation. In the case of mitochondria, mitophagy removes the ones tagged as dysfunctional; Parkin marks mitochondria as ready to be digested. MELPRO Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in the recruiting phase. This project evaluates the neuroprotective properties and both the clinical and the molecular effects of melatonin with HT to the neuropsychological development and the autophagy and mitophagy. METHODS Is a trial on 100 neonates with moderate to severe HIE. Babies are randomized into placebo/hHT group (currently n=24) and melatonin/HT group (n=19). Newborns receive 5 daily enteral doses of melatonin (10 mg/kg) or placebo. Mitophagy and autophagy levels are measured during the first week of life in the 2 HIE groups. aEEG monitoring is performed during HT and re-warming. Brain MRI and Spectroscopy are performed between day 5 and 7. The infants will enter in a neurodevelopmental follow-up program using the Bayley Scales III until 2 years of age. RESULTS Melatonin group maintained higher level of Parking than placebo group at 5 and 7 days. However, data are incomplete and statistical analysis considered 43 babies with HIE. The neurological follow up is not yet available. AGAIN Multicenter, prospective study to evaluate the autophagy and mitophagy processes in newborns with metabolic acidosis at birth and/or mild HIE not qualified for HT. METHODS Infants with metabolic acidosis at birth and evidence of mild HIE not qualified for HT were recruited to evaluate plasma autophagy and mitophagy during the first week of life. Plasmatic changes were compared to healthy control and severe HIE. RESULTS Plasma concentrations of Parkin were statistically different among study groups and correlate with the severity of hypoxic insult at birth. Severe HIE had significantly higher levels of Parkin when compared to mild HIE and healthy neonates. At birth Parkin is significantly and inversely correlated with the arterial pH and directly proportional to lactates. In addition, over time, Parkin showed an 81% increase in mild HIE cohort compared to the 27% in the severe HT-treated pool. Severe HIE had significantly higher levels of Atg5 when compared to mild HIE and healthy neonates. CONCLUSIONS Literature reported that melatonin with HT improves the neurodevelopmental outcome. In this study melatonin with HT maintained higher the levels of Parking than placebo at 5-7 days. Data are incompleted as recruitment is ongoing. Parkin seems to be a promising biomarker both in correlation with the severity of the hypoxic insult at birth and in its ability to significantly and constantly increase over time in mild to severe HIE. This study has been drawn to evaluate the improvement of melatonin towards neurodevelopmental outcome in asphyxiated infants, however, to understand its molecular mechanisms on the brain and cellular metabolism, data must be confirmed with a larger sample size and more clinical trials.
PINTON, Paolo
PINTON, Paolo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478835
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