The present PhD project aims at valorizing cereal by-products through the development of green extraction processes for a possible application in the cosmetic industry. For this project the cereals with the highest application interest were initially selected: durum wheat, rice and maize. Phenolic acids were extracted by assisted extraction using ultrasound, alkaline hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis and hybrid techniques to maximize extraction yields and minimize environmental impact, compared to other conventional techniques. The extracts were analyzed in qualitative terms, in particular in the case of hydrolyzed extracts, with HPTLC and RP-HPLC-DAD and then the content of phenolic acids and total phenols was quantified. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was tested with bioautographic, spectrophotometric and PCL methods. The most promising extracts were tested on three strains of Staphylococcus aureus and a clinical isolate of S. epidermidis to calculate the minimum inhibitory concentration.Among the various techniques used for phenolic extraction, chemical hydrolysis proved to be more effective than enzymatic hydrolysis, in particular by combining them with sonication. In fact, despite the reduction of the extraction time, this technique has allowed to obtain enriched phenolic extracts of higher quality than those obtained with conventional methods. The influence of sound waves occurred in particular in the case of yellow maize germ whose ferulic acid content increased from 461.89±8.70 to 636.53±3.71 mg FA/g by combining sonication with alkaline hydrolysis. The same extract also showed the highest total phenolic content (844.46±64.60 mg GAE/g dry extract). The results of the antioxidant activity confirmed the effective contribution of ultrasound in the extraction process with both bioautographic and spectrophotometric tests. Of all the extracts, wheat bran showed the highest activity (IC50 of 3.61±0.09 µg/mL with sonication) comparable to that of Trolox and the greatest difference between the two alkaline hydrolysis methods. The most interesting results of the antimicrobial activity were those related to the MRSA strain treated with wheat and rice bran extracts which obtained the lowest MICs (16 µg/mL and 32 µg/mL). The unsaponifiable compounds were extracted with supercritical CO2, comparing two literature methods. These were analyzed with HPTLC as screening for extractive efficacy and with GC-MS to study the unsaponifiable content of the extracts. Antioxidant activity was also evaluated for lipophilic extracts with the same methods described above. Yellow maize germ obtained the highest percentage yields (19.98±1.24 %). The highest unsaponifiable fraction was found in rice (6.08±0.04 %), followed by wheat, yellow maize and finally white maize. From the GC-MS analysis, β-Sitosterol was found to be the main compound of all the extracts, present in wheat and rice extracts about 30 % and in both maize extracts about 60 %. The yellow and white maize extracts showed a higher antioxidant activity than the controls used for extra virgin olive oil. Finally, four O/A emulsions were formulated for cosmetic use with wheat bran extract obtained by alkaline hydrolysis associated with ultrasound and SFE yellow corn extracts. The cosmetic products were then tested for their antioxidant activity with PCL analysis. In this project we have hypothesized a cosmetic application of the extracts inserted as active ingredients but the use of the extracts as excipients of natural origin could be the subject of future research.

Il presente progetto di dottorato di ricerca ha l'obiettivo di valorizzare i sottoprodotti cerealicoli, attraverso lo sviluppo di processi estrattivi green e di ipotesi applicative nell'industria cosmetica. Per il presente progetto sono stati inizialmente selezionati i cereali con il massimo interesse applicativo: grano duro, riso e mais. Gli acidi fenolici sono stati estratti con estrazione assistita tramite ultrasuoni, idrolisi alcalina, idrolisi enzimatica e tecniche ibride per massimizzare le rese estrattive e minimizzare l'impatto ambientale rispetto ad altre tecniche convenzionali. Gli estratti sono stati analizzati in termini qualitativi, in particolare nel caso di estratti idrolizzati, con HPTLC e RP-HPLC-DAD e successivamente è stato quantificato il contenuto di acidi fenolici e fenoli totali. L'attività antiossidante degli estratti è stata saggiata con metodi bioautografici, spettrofotometrici e di PCL. Gli estratti più promettenti sono stati testati su tre ceppi di Staphylococcus aureus e un isolato clinico di S. epidermidis per calcolare la concentrazione minima inibitoria. Tra le varie tecniche utilizzate per l'estrazione fenolica, le idrolisi chimiche sono risultate più efficaci di quelle enzimatiche, in particolare abbinando ad esse la sonicazione. Infatti, nonostante la riduzione del tempo di estrazione, questa tecnica ha permesso di ottenere estratti fenolici arricchiti di qualità superiore rispetto a quelli ottenuti con metodi convenzionali. L'influenza delle onde sonore si è verificata in particolare nel caso del germe di mais giallo il cui contenuto di acido ferulico è aumentato da 461,89±8,70 a 636,53±3,71 mg FA/g accoppiando sonicazione ad idrolisi alcalina. Lo stesso estratto ha mostrato anche il più alto contenuto fenolico totale (844,46±64,60 mg GAE/g di estratto secco). I risultati dell'attività antiossidante hanno confermato l'effettivo contributo degli ultrasuoni nel processo di estrazione sia con il saggio bioautografico che con test spettrofotometrici. Tra tutti gli estratti, la crusca di grano ha mostrato la massima attività (IC50 di 3,61±0,09 µg/mL con sonicazione) paragonabile a quella del Trolox e la maggiore differenza tra i due metodi di idrolisi alcalina. I risultati più interessanti dell'attività antimicrobica sono stati quelli relativi al ceppo MRSA trattato con estratti di crusche di grano e riso i quali hanno ottenuto le MIC più basse (16 µg/mL e 32 µg/mL). I composti insaponificabili sono stati estratti con CO2 supercritica, confrontando due metodi di letteratura. Questi sono stati analizzati con HPTLC come screening per l'efficacia estrattiva e con GC-MS per studiare il contenuto insaponificabile degli estratti. L'attività antiossidante è stata valutata anche per gli estratti lipofili con gli stessi metodi descritti precedentemente. Il germe di mais giallo ha ottenuto le rese più elevate in percentuale (19,98±1,24 %). La frazione insaponificabile più elevata è stata riscontrata nel riso (6,08±0,04 %), seguita dal grano, dal mais giallo e infine da quello bianco. Dall'analisi GC-MS, il β-Sitosterolo è risultato il composto principale di tutti gli estratti, presente negli estratti di grano e riso circa per il 30% e in entrambi gli estratti di mais circa al 60%. Gli estratti di mais giallo e bianco hanno mostrato una maggiore attività antiossidante rispetto ai controlli utilizzati di olio extravergine di oliva. Infine, sono state formulate quattro emulsioni O/A per uso cosmetico con l’estratto di crusca di grano ottenuto con idrolisi alcalina associata ad ultrasuoni e di mais giallo SFE. I prodotti cosmetici sono quindi stati testati per la loro attività antiossidante con analisi PCL. In questo progetto abbiamo ipotizzato un'applicazione cosmetica degli estratti inseriti come attivi ma l’utilizzo degli estratti eccipienti di origine naturale potrebbero essere oggetto di ricerche future.

Cereal by-products as source of bioactive molecules for cosmetic applications: a sustainable approach based on eco-pharmacognostic research

BURLINI, Ilaria
2020

Abstract

The present PhD project aims at valorizing cereal by-products through the development of green extraction processes for a possible application in the cosmetic industry. For this project the cereals with the highest application interest were initially selected: durum wheat, rice and maize. Phenolic acids were extracted by assisted extraction using ultrasound, alkaline hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis and hybrid techniques to maximize extraction yields and minimize environmental impact, compared to other conventional techniques. The extracts were analyzed in qualitative terms, in particular in the case of hydrolyzed extracts, with HPTLC and RP-HPLC-DAD and then the content of phenolic acids and total phenols was quantified. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was tested with bioautographic, spectrophotometric and PCL methods. The most promising extracts were tested on three strains of Staphylococcus aureus and a clinical isolate of S. epidermidis to calculate the minimum inhibitory concentration.Among the various techniques used for phenolic extraction, chemical hydrolysis proved to be more effective than enzymatic hydrolysis, in particular by combining them with sonication. In fact, despite the reduction of the extraction time, this technique has allowed to obtain enriched phenolic extracts of higher quality than those obtained with conventional methods. The influence of sound waves occurred in particular in the case of yellow maize germ whose ferulic acid content increased from 461.89±8.70 to 636.53±3.71 mg FA/g by combining sonication with alkaline hydrolysis. The same extract also showed the highest total phenolic content (844.46±64.60 mg GAE/g dry extract). The results of the antioxidant activity confirmed the effective contribution of ultrasound in the extraction process with both bioautographic and spectrophotometric tests. Of all the extracts, wheat bran showed the highest activity (IC50 of 3.61±0.09 µg/mL with sonication) comparable to that of Trolox and the greatest difference between the two alkaline hydrolysis methods. The most interesting results of the antimicrobial activity were those related to the MRSA strain treated with wheat and rice bran extracts which obtained the lowest MICs (16 µg/mL and 32 µg/mL). The unsaponifiable compounds were extracted with supercritical CO2, comparing two literature methods. These were analyzed with HPTLC as screening for extractive efficacy and with GC-MS to study the unsaponifiable content of the extracts. Antioxidant activity was also evaluated for lipophilic extracts with the same methods described above. Yellow maize germ obtained the highest percentage yields (19.98±1.24 %). The highest unsaponifiable fraction was found in rice (6.08±0.04 %), followed by wheat, yellow maize and finally white maize. From the GC-MS analysis, β-Sitosterol was found to be the main compound of all the extracts, present in wheat and rice extracts about 30 % and in both maize extracts about 60 %. The yellow and white maize extracts showed a higher antioxidant activity than the controls used for extra virgin olive oil. Finally, four O/A emulsions were formulated for cosmetic use with wheat bran extract obtained by alkaline hydrolysis associated with ultrasound and SFE yellow corn extracts. The cosmetic products were then tested for their antioxidant activity with PCL analysis. In this project we have hypothesized a cosmetic application of the extracts inserted as active ingredients but the use of the extracts as excipients of natural origin could be the subject of future research.
SACCHETTI, Gianni
GUERRINI, Alessandra
PINTON, Paolo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478831
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