This work analyses the difficult relationship existing between the EU constitutional provisions on energy (Article 194 TFEU) and environment (Article 192 TFEU), taking the EU policy on the development of renewable energies as a concrete example. Indeed, the pursuit of the objectives enshrined in Article 194 TFEU is often linked to the pursuit of environmental objectives. For example, the development of renewable energies does not only contribute to the security of EU energy supply, but it also reduces green-house gas emissions, contributing to the fight to climate change. However, the formulation of Article 194 TFEU – introduced with the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty – raises serious doubts on how the energy policy can be effectively developed at the EU level and how this can be coordinated with the pursuit of the environmental objectives. Firstly, according to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union the energy competence is shared between the Union and the Member States, but pursuant to Article 194 TFEU some Member State's energy rights cannot be affected by the measures of the EU. The European energy competence is thus not really shared, but it should instead be treated as a tertium genus more similar to support and coordination competences rather than shared. Secondly, these rights are reserved to Member States without prejudice to Article 192.2(c) TFEU, which instead allows the Union to adopt measures that significantly affect the Member States' rights if they pursue an environmental objectives and are adopted according a special legislative procedure. This clearly raises some problems in the choice of the legal basis for those measures that have both energy and environmental aims, like the promotion of renewable energy. The use of the guiding principles for the choice of the legal basis elaborated by the case law of the European Court of Justice leads to the conclusion that in the majority of cases the environmental legal basis should be preferred. This contrasts with the scope of the Treaties and the decision to include an EU competence in them. Accordingly, it is proposed to use the general principles of EU law to extend the scope of Article 194 TFEU as to include also those measures that would normally fall under Article 192 TFEU. In particular, the principles of solidarity, environmental integration and proportionality are identified as key, because they respectively stimulate the cooperation of Member States towards the achievement of common objectives, allow the inclusion and pursuit of environmental objectives in other fields of action and allow weighting against each other different objectives, possibly justifying heavier burdens on the Member States in view of the achievement of the aim that is considered prevalent. In practice, these issues are reflected in the elaboration of EU policies. In particular, the introduction of Article 194 TFEU has determined a reduction in the number of obligations imposed on Member States by European energy policies in those areas that may affect the national energy structure. Moreover, the most recent European measures have showed a growing attention for market-related issues, rather than environmental ones, as it had been the case before the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty. A proof of this is the proposed recast of the Renewable Energy Directive of 2016. This shows that Article 194 TFEU has only formally extended the powers of the Union in the energy sector, but in reality it has made more difficult the coordination of energy and environmental policies, which are increasingly connected, consequently limiting the possibility for the European Union to concretely lead the action of the Member States through incisive measures.

La tesi analizza il difficile rapporto esistente tra le disposizioni dei Trattati UE sull'energia (art. 194TFUE) e l'ambiente (art. 192TFUE), prendendo come esempio concreto la politica dell'Unione sullo sviluppo delle energie rinnovabili. Infatti, il perseguimento degli obiettivi sanciti dall'articolo 194 è spesso collegato al perseguimento di obiettivi ambientali. Ad esempio, lo sviluppo delle energie rinnovabili non solo contribuisce alla sicurezza dell'approvvigionamento energetico dell'Unione, ma riduce anche le emissioni di gas serra, contribuendo alla lotta al cambiamento climatico. Tuttavia, la formulazione dell'articolo 194 (introdotto solamente con il Trattato di Lisbona) solleva rilevanti questioni su come la politica energetica possa essere efficacemente sviluppata a livello dell'UE e su come essa possa essere coordinata con il perseguimento degli obiettivi ambientali. In primo luogo, secondo il Trattato sul funzionamento dell'Unione europea, la competenza in materia di energia è condivisa tra l'Unione e gli Stati membri, ma, ai sensi dell'articolo 194, le misure dell'Unione relative al settore dell'energia non possono in alcun modo influire su alcuni diritti degli Stati membri in tale area. La competenza energetica europea non è quindi realmente condivisa, ma dovrebbe essere trattata come un tertium genus più simile alle competenze di supporto e coordinamento che a quelle concorrenti. In secondo luogo, la riserva relativa a tali diritti fa salvo quanto disposto dall'articolo 192.2(c) TFUE, che consente invece all'Unione di adottare misure che incidono significativamente sui diritti degli Stati membri, purché perseguano obiettivi ambientali e siano adottate secondo una procedura legislativa speciale. Ciò pone chiaramente alcuni problemi nella scelta della base giuridica per le misure che hanno obiettivi sia energetici che ambientali, come la promozione delle energie rinnovabili. L'applicazione dei principi elaborati dalla giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia UE sulla scelta della base giuridica sembra portare alla conclusione che nella maggioranza dei casi si dovrebbe preferire la base giuridica ambientale. Ciò contrasta con lo scopo dei Trattati e con la decisione di includere una specifica competenza in materia di energia. Di conseguenza, il presente lavoro propone di utilizzare i principi generali del diritto UE al fine di estendere il campo di applicazione dell'articolo 194, così da includere anche le misure che normalmente rientrerebbero nell'ambito applicativo dell'articolo 192. In particolare, i principi di solidarietà, integrazione ambientale e proporzionalità sono identificati come fattori chiave, poiché stimolano la cooperazione degli Stati membri per il conseguimento di obiettivi comuni, consentono l'inclusione e il perseguimento di obiettivi ambientali in altri campi d'azione e di soppesare tra loro diversi obiettivi, giustificando così anche oneri maggiori per gli Stati membri per raggiungere l'obiettivo considerato prevalente. In pratica, tali questioni si riflettono nell'elaborazione delle politiche dell'Unione. In particolare, l'introduzione dell'articolo 194 ha ridotto gli obblighi imponibili agli Stati membri dalle politiche energetiche europee nei settori che possono influenzare la struttura energetica nazionale. Inoltre, le più recenti misure europee mostrano una crescente attenzione per le questioni legate al mercato dell'energia piuttosto che per quelle ambientali, come invece avveniva prima dell'adozione del Trattato di Lisbona. Una prova di ciò si può ritrovare nella nuova direttiva sulle energie rinnovabili. Dunque, l'articolo 194 ha esteso solo formalmente le competenze dell'Unione nel settore energetico, ma in realtà ha reso più difficile il coordinamento delle politiche energetiche ed ambientali, sempre più interconnesse, limitando di conseguenza la possibilità per l'Unione di guidare concretamente l'azione degli Stati membri attraverso misure più incisive.

The difficult relationship between energy and environment: a EU constitutional analysis. Renewable energy as a case study

ZACCARIA, Mariavittoria
2019

Abstract

This work analyses the difficult relationship existing between the EU constitutional provisions on energy (Article 194 TFEU) and environment (Article 192 TFEU), taking the EU policy on the development of renewable energies as a concrete example. Indeed, the pursuit of the objectives enshrined in Article 194 TFEU is often linked to the pursuit of environmental objectives. For example, the development of renewable energies does not only contribute to the security of EU energy supply, but it also reduces green-house gas emissions, contributing to the fight to climate change. However, the formulation of Article 194 TFEU – introduced with the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty – raises serious doubts on how the energy policy can be effectively developed at the EU level and how this can be coordinated with the pursuit of the environmental objectives. Firstly, according to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union the energy competence is shared between the Union and the Member States, but pursuant to Article 194 TFEU some Member State's energy rights cannot be affected by the measures of the EU. The European energy competence is thus not really shared, but it should instead be treated as a tertium genus more similar to support and coordination competences rather than shared. Secondly, these rights are reserved to Member States without prejudice to Article 192.2(c) TFEU, which instead allows the Union to adopt measures that significantly affect the Member States' rights if they pursue an environmental objectives and are adopted according a special legislative procedure. This clearly raises some problems in the choice of the legal basis for those measures that have both energy and environmental aims, like the promotion of renewable energy. The use of the guiding principles for the choice of the legal basis elaborated by the case law of the European Court of Justice leads to the conclusion that in the majority of cases the environmental legal basis should be preferred. This contrasts with the scope of the Treaties and the decision to include an EU competence in them. Accordingly, it is proposed to use the general principles of EU law to extend the scope of Article 194 TFEU as to include also those measures that would normally fall under Article 192 TFEU. In particular, the principles of solidarity, environmental integration and proportionality are identified as key, because they respectively stimulate the cooperation of Member States towards the achievement of common objectives, allow the inclusion and pursuit of environmental objectives in other fields of action and allow weighting against each other different objectives, possibly justifying heavier burdens on the Member States in view of the achievement of the aim that is considered prevalent. In practice, these issues are reflected in the elaboration of EU policies. In particular, the introduction of Article 194 TFEU has determined a reduction in the number of obligations imposed on Member States by European energy policies in those areas that may affect the national energy structure. Moreover, the most recent European measures have showed a growing attention for market-related issues, rather than environmental ones, as it had been the case before the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty. A proof of this is the proposed recast of the Renewable Energy Directive of 2016. This shows that Article 194 TFEU has only formally extended the powers of the Union in the energy sector, but in reality it has made more difficult the coordination of energy and environmental policies, which are increasingly connected, consequently limiting the possibility for the European Union to concretely lead the action of the Member States through incisive measures.
BORGHI, Paolo
MANSERVISI, Silvia
DE CRISTOFARO, Giovanni
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