Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is the endogenous ligand of the N/OFQ peptide receptor (NOP) and this peptidergic system controls several biological functions in the central nervous system as well as in the periphery. The aim of the present study was the pharmacological characterization of novel peptide and non-peptide NOP ligands. A series of N/OFQ dimeric compounds and the antagonist PWT2-UFP-101 were designed and synthesized in our University while non-peptide NOP ligands were from pharmaceutical companies. All compounds were evaluated in vitro in several assays including receptor binding, stimulated GTPγ[35S] binding, calcium mobilization studies performed in cells co-expressing the human recombinant receptors and chimeric G-proteins, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experiments investigating receptor interaction with G protein and β-arrestin 2, and bioassay studies in isolated tissues. A series of dimeric NOP ligands with spacers of different lengths were generated using as peptide pharmacophore N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 and were pharmacologically investigated in a calcium mobilization assay and in the mouse vas deferens bioassay (mVD). Results demonstrated that dimerization did not modify the pharmacological activity of peptide pharmacophore. Moreover, when dimeric compounds were generated with short peptide pharmacophores, dimerization recovered ligand potency. This effect depends on the doubling of the C terminal address sequence in the dimeric ligand. The novel peptide antagonist PWT2-UFP-101 has been evaluated in vitro in a BRET based assay measuring NOP/G protein interaction and in mVD. The molecule maintains the antagonist activity, competitive behavior, and potency of the linear peptide. In vivo, PWT2-UFP-101 has been tested in mice in the forced swimming test where was able to elicit the same antidepressant like effects of UFP-101, being 10 fold more potent. However, PWT2-UFP-101, inhibited spontaneous locomotor activity. The non-peptide NOP agonists Ro 65-6570, Ro 2q, SCH-221510, MCOPPB, AT-403, AT-202 and SCH-486757 have been pharmacologically characterized and compared. All compounds behaved as full NOP agonists consistently showing the following rank order of potency MCOPPB>AT-403>Ro 65-6570=Ro 2q>SCH-221510>AT-202>SCH-486757. Moreover, all molecules displayed some degree of G protein biased agonism with the exception of AT-403 that behaved as an unbiased agonist. MCOPPB and AT-403 displayed the highest potency associated to the highest selectivity both at human and murine NOP receptors. A series of five AT non-peptide NOP partial agonists were also characterized. AT compounds displayed high NOP affinity and behaved as NOP agonists in all the functional assays consistently showing the following rank order of potency AT-127>AT-090>AT-035>AT-004=AT-001. AT compounds behaved as NOP full agonists in the calcium mobilization and mouse colon assays and as partial agonists in the GTPγ[35S] and BRET assays. Interestingly AT-090 and AT-127, behaved as an unbiased agonists and displayed higher NOP selectivity than Ro 65-6570 at native mouse receptors. Finally, the non-peptide antagonist AT-076 was pharmacologically characterized in vitro at NOP and opioid receptors in the calcium mobilization assay and in the electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens and guinea pig ileum. At human recombinant receptors, AT-076 acts as antagonist with the following rank order of potency: kappa>>mu>>delta=NOP. The moderate potency of AT-076 at mu receptor and its very low potency at NOP and delta receptor has been confirmed in bioassay studies. These results suggest that AT-076 should be classified as a rather selective kappa antagonist. In conclusion, the present thesis investigated in great detail the pharmacological profile of several peptide and non-peptide ligands for the NOP receptor, thus providing to the scientific community novel tools useful for investigating the therapeutic potential of the NOP receptor.

Il peptide nocicettina/orfanina FQ (N/OFQ) è il ligando endogeno del recettore NOP; questo sistema peptidergico controlla diverse funzioni biologiche sia nel sistema nervoso centrale che in periferia. Lo scopo del presente studio è stata la caratterizzazione farmacologica di nuovi ligandi peptidici e non-peptidici per il recettore NOP. Una serie di composti N/OFQ dimerici e l’antagonista PWT2-UFP-101 sono stati progettati e sintetizzati nella nostra Università, mentre i ligandi non-peptidici investigati provengono da case farmaceutiche. Tutti i composti sono stati valutati in vitro in diversi saggi, incluso il binding recettoriale, il binding GTPγ[35S], la mobilizzazione del calcio intracellulare in cellule esprimenti i recettori ricombinanti umani e proteine G chimeriche, il trasferimento di energia bioluminescente per risonanza (BRET) volto ad indagare l’interazione del recettore con la proteina G e con la β-arrestina 2, e studi su tessuti isolati. Una serie di ligandi dimerici NOP con spacers di lunghezze differenti, sono stati generati usando come farmacoforo il peptide N/OFQ(1-13)NH2. I composti sono stati investigati nel saggio del calcio e nel saggio del vaso deferente di topo (mVD). La dimerizzazione non ha modificato l’attività del farmacoforo peptidico e ha fatto recuperare potenza ai ligandi. Questo effetto sembra dipendere dalla presenza nei composti dimerici di un doppio ”address domain”. L’approccio “peptide welding technology” (PWT) è stato applicato all’antagonista NOP UFP-101. PWT2-UFP-101 è stato valutato nel saggio di BRET per studiare l’interazione NOP/proteina G e nel mVD. La molecola mantiene l’attività antagonista, il comportamento competitivo e la potenza di UFP-101. In vivo, PWT2-UFP-101 è stato testato sui topi nel test del nuoto forzato, dove è stato in grado di esercitare gli stessi effetti antidepressivi di UFP-101, mostrandosi 10 volte più potente. Tuttavia, PWT2-UFP-101, ha inibito l’attività locomotoria spontanea. Gli agonisti non-peptidici Ro 65-6570, Ro 2q, SCH-221510, MCOPPB, AT-403, AT-202 e SCH-486757 sono stati caratterizzati in dettaglio. Essi si sono comportati da agonisti pieni NOP mostrando il seguente ordine di potenza MCOPPB>AT-403>Ro 65-6570=Ro 2q>SCH-221510>AT-202>SCH-486757. Inoltre, tutte le molecole hanno mostrato un certo grado di bias verso la proteina G, tranne AT-403 che si è comportato come agonista non-bias. MCOPPB e AT-403 sono risultati i composti più potenti e selettivi sia sui recettori NOP umani che murini. Cinque agonisti parziali NOP AT non-peptidici sono stati caratterizzati e hanno mostrato elevata affinità per il recettore NOP comportandosi come agonisti NOP in tutti i saggi funzionali, mostrando il seguente ordine di potenza AT-127>AT-090>AT-035>AT-004=AT-001. I composti AT si sono comportati da agonisti pieni nel saggio del calcio e nel colon isolato di topo, da agonisti parziali nel saggio di GTPγ[35S] e nel saggio di BRET. È interessante notare che AT-090 e AT-127, si sono comportati da agonisti non-bias e hanno mostrato elevata selettività per il recettore NOP rispetto a Ro 65-6570 sui recettori nativi murini. Infine, l’antagonista non-peptidico AT-076 è stato caratterizzato sui recettori NOP e oppioidi nel saggio del calcio e nei saggi del vaso deferente di topo e ileo di cavia stimolati elettricamente. Sui recettori ricombinanti umani, AT-076 agisce da antagonista con il seguente ordine di potenza: kappa>>mu>>delta=NOP. La moderata potenza di AT-076 sul recettore mu e la sua bassa potenza sui recettori NOP e delta sono stati confermati nei saggi sui tessuti isolati. Questi risultati suggeriscono che AT-076 sia un antagonista kappa selettivo. In conclusione, la presente tesi ha indagato in modo dettagliato il profilo farmacologico di diversi ligandi peptidici e non-peptidici per il recettore NOP, fornendo alla comunità scientifica nuovi strumenti utili per indagare il potenziale terapeutico del recettore NOP.

Pharmacological profile of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor – characterization of novel peptide and non peptide ligands

FERRARI, Federica
2017

Abstract

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is the endogenous ligand of the N/OFQ peptide receptor (NOP) and this peptidergic system controls several biological functions in the central nervous system as well as in the periphery. The aim of the present study was the pharmacological characterization of novel peptide and non-peptide NOP ligands. A series of N/OFQ dimeric compounds and the antagonist PWT2-UFP-101 were designed and synthesized in our University while non-peptide NOP ligands were from pharmaceutical companies. All compounds were evaluated in vitro in several assays including receptor binding, stimulated GTPγ[35S] binding, calcium mobilization studies performed in cells co-expressing the human recombinant receptors and chimeric G-proteins, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experiments investigating receptor interaction with G protein and β-arrestin 2, and bioassay studies in isolated tissues. A series of dimeric NOP ligands with spacers of different lengths were generated using as peptide pharmacophore N/OFQ(1-13)NH2 and were pharmacologically investigated in a calcium mobilization assay and in the mouse vas deferens bioassay (mVD). Results demonstrated that dimerization did not modify the pharmacological activity of peptide pharmacophore. Moreover, when dimeric compounds were generated with short peptide pharmacophores, dimerization recovered ligand potency. This effect depends on the doubling of the C terminal address sequence in the dimeric ligand. The novel peptide antagonist PWT2-UFP-101 has been evaluated in vitro in a BRET based assay measuring NOP/G protein interaction and in mVD. The molecule maintains the antagonist activity, competitive behavior, and potency of the linear peptide. In vivo, PWT2-UFP-101 has been tested in mice in the forced swimming test where was able to elicit the same antidepressant like effects of UFP-101, being 10 fold more potent. However, PWT2-UFP-101, inhibited spontaneous locomotor activity. The non-peptide NOP agonists Ro 65-6570, Ro 2q, SCH-221510, MCOPPB, AT-403, AT-202 and SCH-486757 have been pharmacologically characterized and compared. All compounds behaved as full NOP agonists consistently showing the following rank order of potency MCOPPB>AT-403>Ro 65-6570=Ro 2q>SCH-221510>AT-202>SCH-486757. Moreover, all molecules displayed some degree of G protein biased agonism with the exception of AT-403 that behaved as an unbiased agonist. MCOPPB and AT-403 displayed the highest potency associated to the highest selectivity both at human and murine NOP receptors. A series of five AT non-peptide NOP partial agonists were also characterized. AT compounds displayed high NOP affinity and behaved as NOP agonists in all the functional assays consistently showing the following rank order of potency AT-127>AT-090>AT-035>AT-004=AT-001. AT compounds behaved as NOP full agonists in the calcium mobilization and mouse colon assays and as partial agonists in the GTPγ[35S] and BRET assays. Interestingly AT-090 and AT-127, behaved as an unbiased agonists and displayed higher NOP selectivity than Ro 65-6570 at native mouse receptors. Finally, the non-peptide antagonist AT-076 was pharmacologically characterized in vitro at NOP and opioid receptors in the calcium mobilization assay and in the electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens and guinea pig ileum. At human recombinant receptors, AT-076 acts as antagonist with the following rank order of potency: kappa>>mu>>delta=NOP. The moderate potency of AT-076 at mu receptor and its very low potency at NOP and delta receptor has been confirmed in bioassay studies. These results suggest that AT-076 should be classified as a rather selective kappa antagonist. In conclusion, the present thesis investigated in great detail the pharmacological profile of several peptide and non-peptide ligands for the NOP receptor, thus providing to the scientific community novel tools useful for investigating the therapeutic potential of the NOP receptor.
CALO', Girolamo
DI VIRGILIO, Francesco
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478798
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