In the course of the last decades the Vietnamese economic transition and industrial development experience has assumed an increasing relevance within the economic academic literature and the international financial institutions’ publication activity. In particular, the activation of sustained economic growth dynamics associated to a rapid industrialization has led many scholars to include Vietnam among the successful experiences of the East Asian region. In terms of policy implications, the development trajectory of the country has become an important observatory to test the effectiveness of the convergence models promoted by the mainstream literature and/or to elaborate theoretical innovations alternative to the Washington and Post-Washington Consensus interpretations. In this framework, the peculiarity of the historical, geopolitical scenarios and the socio-economic equilibria in which it is possible to situate the Vietnamese industrial takeoff, as well as the hybrid character of the government policy-making approach, make difficult to identify univocal interpretations concerning the country’s development determinants and the resulting policy implications. The purpose of our research is to investigate a series of fundamental issues related to the Vietnamese industrial development trajectory relying on a plurality of theoretical categories and analytical tools. In the first place, we adopt an approach intended to frame the Vietnamese development pattern within the Asian context, focusing on the historical dynamics, the heterogeneity of the development models in the region and the evolution of the interpretative schemes that formed the background of the East Asian regionalization and development process. In this context, we make the effort to extend this picture to the progressive emergence of the Vietnamese industrialization experience. In the second place, we carry out a historical reconstruction of the most important crossroads of the Vietnamese transition from the Reunification to the current days focusing on the main turning points in terms of economic, industrial and trade policy. On this basis, by means of an analysis of the main planning documents, we identified a categorization between two alternative industrial policy approach, i.e. the “market-stimulating” and the selective planning approaches. Finally, we focus on the issue of the heterogeneity of the Vietnamese economic system, exploring the divergence in the obstacles and demands of policy that characterize the Vietnamese economic agents. In this framework, taking into account the constraints related to four dimensions of business environment on a sample of about 2000 Vietnamese firms, related to the years 2009 and 2015, the data exhibit how the firms’ specific characteristics are likely to contribute to explain the nature and the severity of their business environment constraints. In this regards, from the data it emerges a structure of the Vietnamese productive system which is essentially dualistic. On a side, a segment of more dynamic and integrated firms, consisting of large and internationalized enterprises operating in the higher value added sectors, reports to be significantly more penalized from constraints associated to the lack of qualified workforce and less affected from the dimensions of access to finance, informal competition and transport; on the other side, conversely, a segment of less advanced and performing enterprises, mainly consisting of small domestic firms operating in the domestic market and traditional sectors, tends to not consider as particularly significant the obstacles related to human capital constraints, being majorly concerned with respect to the other three dimensions of access to finance, informal competition and transport.

A partire dalle riforme del Doi Moi del 1986, il Vietnam sperimenta consistenti processi di transizione economica e di sviluppo industriale che hanno conferito all’esperienza del paese sudest-asiatico una crescente rilevanza nell’ambito della letteratura accademica e della pubblicistica delle istituzioni finanziarie internazionali. In questo contesto, la peculiarità degli scenari storici, geopolitici e degli equilibri socio-economici in cui si colloca il decollo industriale vietnamita, così come il carattere ibrido dell’approccio di policy making governativo, rendono difficile trovare interpretazioni univoche sulle determinanti di sviluppo del paese e sulle implicazioni politiche che ne derivano. L’obiettivo del nostro lavoro di ricerca è quello di investigare una serie di questioni di fondo legate alla traiettoria di sviluppo industriale del Vietnam adottando una pluralità di categorie interpretative e di strumenti analitici. In primo luogo, abbiamo adottato un approccio teso ad inquadrare lo schema di sviluppo vietnamita nell’ambito del contesto regionale asiatico, approfondendo le dinamiche storiche, l’eterogeneità dei modelli di sviluppo e l’evoluzione degli schemi interpretativi che hanno fatto da sfondo ai processi di sviluppo dell’Asia Orientale. In questo contesto, abbiamo provato ad inquadrare il progressivo delinearsi dell’esperienza di industrializzazione vietnamita. In secondo luogo, abbiamo effettuato una ricostruzione storica dei più importanti crocevia della transizione vietnamita soffermandoci sulle principali svolte in termini di politica economica, industriale e commerciale dalla riunificazione del paese ad oggi. Su queste basi, esplorando i principali documenti di pianificazione, si è giunti all’identificazione di una categorizzazione tra due approcci alternativi di policy, ovvero le “market-stimulating policies” e le politiche di pianificazione selettiva. In seguito, la nostra analisi ha evidenziato sul piano empirico l’evoluzione dei fattori della trasformazione strutturale vietnamita mettendo in luce le dinamiche di trasformazione produttiva e specializzazione competitiva che hanno caratterizzato l’economia del paese a partire dagli anni Duemila. Infine, ci siamo concentrati sul tema dell’eterogeneità del sistema economico del Vietnam, focalizzandoci sulla divergenza degli ostacoli e delle domande di policy che caratterizzano gli agenti economici vietamiti sulla base delle loro caratteristiche produttive. In questo contesto, prendendo in considerazione i vincoli relativi a quattro dimensioni di business environment di un campione di circa 2000 imprese vietnamite, relativamente agli anni 2009 e 2015, i dati mettono in evidenza come determinate caratteristiche delle imprese possano contribuire significativamente alla definizione della severità degli ostacoli di business environment. A tal proposito, dai dati emerge una struttura essenzialmente dualistica del sistema produttivo vietnamita. Da un lato, un segmento di imprese più dinamico e integrato, costituito da aziende strutturate e internazionalizzate operanti nei settori a più alto valore aggiunto, riporta di essere significativamente più penalizzato da vincoli legati alla qualificazione della manodopera e meno danneggiato nelle dimensioni di accesso alla finanza, competizione informale e trasporti; dall’altro lato, al contrario, un segmento di imprese meno avanzate e performanti, composto principalmente da piccole imprese domestiche operanti sul mercato interno ed in settori tradizionali, tende a non considerare i vincoli di capitale umano particolarmente significativi concentrandosi prevalentemente nel riportare ostacoli relativi alle altre tre dimensioni di accesso al credito, competizione informale e trasporti.

Trasformazione strutturale e riposizionamento competitivo dell'industria vietnamita: il ruolo delle politiche per il business environment

ANGELINO, Antonio
2018

Abstract

In the course of the last decades the Vietnamese economic transition and industrial development experience has assumed an increasing relevance within the economic academic literature and the international financial institutions’ publication activity. In particular, the activation of sustained economic growth dynamics associated to a rapid industrialization has led many scholars to include Vietnam among the successful experiences of the East Asian region. In terms of policy implications, the development trajectory of the country has become an important observatory to test the effectiveness of the convergence models promoted by the mainstream literature and/or to elaborate theoretical innovations alternative to the Washington and Post-Washington Consensus interpretations. In this framework, the peculiarity of the historical, geopolitical scenarios and the socio-economic equilibria in which it is possible to situate the Vietnamese industrial takeoff, as well as the hybrid character of the government policy-making approach, make difficult to identify univocal interpretations concerning the country’s development determinants and the resulting policy implications. The purpose of our research is to investigate a series of fundamental issues related to the Vietnamese industrial development trajectory relying on a plurality of theoretical categories and analytical tools. In the first place, we adopt an approach intended to frame the Vietnamese development pattern within the Asian context, focusing on the historical dynamics, the heterogeneity of the development models in the region and the evolution of the interpretative schemes that formed the background of the East Asian regionalization and development process. In this context, we make the effort to extend this picture to the progressive emergence of the Vietnamese industrialization experience. In the second place, we carry out a historical reconstruction of the most important crossroads of the Vietnamese transition from the Reunification to the current days focusing on the main turning points in terms of economic, industrial and trade policy. On this basis, by means of an analysis of the main planning documents, we identified a categorization between two alternative industrial policy approach, i.e. the “market-stimulating” and the selective planning approaches. Finally, we focus on the issue of the heterogeneity of the Vietnamese economic system, exploring the divergence in the obstacles and demands of policy that characterize the Vietnamese economic agents. In this framework, taking into account the constraints related to four dimensions of business environment on a sample of about 2000 Vietnamese firms, related to the years 2009 and 2015, the data exhibit how the firms’ specific characteristics are likely to contribute to explain the nature and the severity of their business environment constraints. In this regards, from the data it emerges a structure of the Vietnamese productive system which is essentially dualistic. On a side, a segment of more dynamic and integrated firms, consisting of large and internationalized enterprises operating in the higher value added sectors, reports to be significantly more penalized from constraints associated to the lack of qualified workforce and less affected from the dimensions of access to finance, informal competition and transport; on the other side, conversely, a segment of less advanced and performing enterprises, mainly consisting of small domestic firms operating in the domestic market and traditional sectors, tends to not consider as particularly significant the obstacles related to human capital constraints, being majorly concerned with respect to the other three dimensions of access to finance, informal competition and transport.
DI TOMMASO, Marco Rodolfo
RUBINI, Lauretta
BARBIERI, Elisa
VAGNONI, Emidia
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478794
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