Around the world non-profit organizations (NPOs) are recognized as one of the most important structural elements of modern society, and supported by national governments in various ways, including through tax benefits. At the same time, the activities of NPOs in recent decades have ceased to be only a national phenomenon. Nonprofit organizations are investing more across national boundaries as part of their asset management strategy, and individual and corporate donors are increasing their philanthropic giving outside of their home countries. This dissertation aims to study the legal instruments of organizing effective taxation of NPOs in the EU and to develop recommendations and ideas which could potentially be used in EAEU law to establish effective tax regime for NPOs in the EAEU. The research focuses on the taxation of cross-border incomes of NPOs (active and passive incomes, including income from economic activities, investment income, revenues in the form of donations, gifts and inheritances) and on the taxation of income of their donors. Particular emphasis in the thesis is made on the main problem of European tax law with regard to NPOs – application of discriminatory national tax regimes of host countries to NPOs operating in cross-border (within the EU) scale. First, the thesis aims to highlight good and bad existing practice, to analyze existing and potential practical and policy solutions to improve the way that the non-discrimination principle is implemented in national tax laws. For this purpose, the paper analyzes the national tax regimes for domestic and foreign NPOs and their donors in EU countries, as well as the impact of ECJ case law on implementation of the non-discrimination principle in their legislation. The major part of the research is based on the study of legal rules, case law, soft laws, guidelines and recommendations as developed in EU law. Then, an assessment is made of the applicability of the best solutions developed in the EU for use in the EAEU. For this purpose, the dissertation compares the tax legislation of all Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union, namely Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, separately for several important criteria that determine the nature of the fiscal environment for cross-border NPO activities. One of the interim findings of this thesis is the conclusion that currently in the EAEU countries there is no favorable tax and legal environment for the development of NPOs' cross-border (intra-EAEU) activities. Based on the analysis of tax regimes for NPOs in the EAEU countries, and also taking into account the level of integration of the EAEU, the author concludes that only some solutions developed in the EU are applicable. Given that the Eurasian Economic Union is at its starting stage of full integration into a single market and that competencies of supranational bodies, such as the Eurasian Commission are still limited, the author recommends the following methods of harmonizing tax legislation in relation to NPOs: 1) signing of bilateral / multilateral treaties; 2) adoption of model legal acts; 3) introduction of a Model Statute of NPOs and other methods; with the possibility of future use of more advanced solutions drawn from European practice.

In tutto il mondo le organizzazioni non profit (ONP) sono riconosciute come uno degli elementi strutturali più importanti della società moderna e sostenute dai governi nazionali in vari modi, anche attraverso benefici fiscali. Allo stesso tempo, le attività delle ONP negli ultimi decenni hanno cessato di essere solo un fenomeno nazionale. Le organizzazioni non profit investono di più oltre i confini nazionali come parte della loro strategia di gestione patrimoniale e i donatori individuali e aziendali stanno aumentando le loro donazioni filantropiche al di fuori dei loro paesi d'origine. La tesi si propone di studiare gli strumenti giuridici per organizzare l'effettiva tassazione delle ONP nell'UE e di sviluppare raccomandazioni e idee che potrebbero essere potenzialmente utilizzate nella legge UEEA, per stabilire un regime fiscale efficace per le ONP in UEEA. La ricerca si concentra sulla tassazione dei redditi transfrontalieri delle ONP (reddito attivo e passivo, compresi i redditi derivanti da attività economiche, redditi da investimenti, entrate sotto forma di donazioni, regali ed eredità) e sulla tassazione del reddito dei loro donatori. Particolare enfasi nella tesi viene fatta sul problema principale della normativa fiscale europea in relazione alle ONP: applicazione di regimi fiscali nazionali discriminatori dei paesi ospitanti alle ONP operanti su scala transfrontaliera (all'interno dell'UE). In primo luogo la tesi si propone di evidenziare le buone e cattive pratiche esistenti, di analizzare le soluzioni pratiche e politiche esistenti e potenziali, per migliorare il modo in cui il principio di non discriminazione è implementato nelle leggi fiscali nazionali. A tale scopo, il documento analizza i regimi fiscali nazionali per le ONP nazionali e straniere e i loro donatori nei paesi dell'UE, nonché l'impatto della giurisprudenza della UEEA sull'attuazione del principio di non discriminazione nelle loro legislazioni. Il principale blocco di ricerca si basa sullo studio delle norme giuridiche, della giurisprudenza, delle leggi non vincolanti, delle linee guida e delle raccomandazioni sviluppate nella legislazione dell'UE. Quindi, viene effettuata una valutazione sull'applicabilità delle migliori soluzioni sviluppate nell'UE per il loro utilizzo nell' UEEA. A tal fine, la dissertazione mette a confronto le legislazioni fiscali di tutti gli Stati membri dell'Unione economica eurasiatica, in particolare Armenia, Bielorussia, Kirghizistan, Kazakistan, Russia, riguardo i criteri più importanti che determinano la natura dell'ambiente fiscale per l'attività delle ONP transfrontaliere. Uno dei risultati provvisori di questa tesi è la conclusione che attualmente nei paesi UEEA non esiste un ambiente fiscale e giuridico favorevole per lo sviluppo delle attività transfrontaliere (intra-UEEA) delle ONP. Basandosi sull'analisi dei regimi fiscali per le ONP nei paesi UEEA, e anche tenendo conto del livello di integrazione nell' UEEA stesso, l'autore conclude che sono applicabili solo alcune soluzioni sviluppate nell'UE. Ll'autore raccomanda le seguenti modalità di armonizzazione della legislazione fiscale delle ONP: 1) firma di trattati bilaterali / multilaterali; 2) adozione di atti giuridici modello; 3) introduzione di uno Statuto modello delle ONP; in subordine, la possibilità di un uso futuro di soluzioni più avanzate tratte dalla pratica europea.

Taxation of nonprofit organizations in the European Union: Problems and experience for the Eurasian Economic Union (The case of direct taxation)

STEPANITSKAYA, Oxana
2018

Abstract

Around the world non-profit organizations (NPOs) are recognized as one of the most important structural elements of modern society, and supported by national governments in various ways, including through tax benefits. At the same time, the activities of NPOs in recent decades have ceased to be only a national phenomenon. Nonprofit organizations are investing more across national boundaries as part of their asset management strategy, and individual and corporate donors are increasing their philanthropic giving outside of their home countries. This dissertation aims to study the legal instruments of organizing effective taxation of NPOs in the EU and to develop recommendations and ideas which could potentially be used in EAEU law to establish effective tax regime for NPOs in the EAEU. The research focuses on the taxation of cross-border incomes of NPOs (active and passive incomes, including income from economic activities, investment income, revenues in the form of donations, gifts and inheritances) and on the taxation of income of their donors. Particular emphasis in the thesis is made on the main problem of European tax law with regard to NPOs – application of discriminatory national tax regimes of host countries to NPOs operating in cross-border (within the EU) scale. First, the thesis aims to highlight good and bad existing practice, to analyze existing and potential practical and policy solutions to improve the way that the non-discrimination principle is implemented in national tax laws. For this purpose, the paper analyzes the national tax regimes for domestic and foreign NPOs and their donors in EU countries, as well as the impact of ECJ case law on implementation of the non-discrimination principle in their legislation. The major part of the research is based on the study of legal rules, case law, soft laws, guidelines and recommendations as developed in EU law. Then, an assessment is made of the applicability of the best solutions developed in the EU for use in the EAEU. For this purpose, the dissertation compares the tax legislation of all Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union, namely Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, separately for several important criteria that determine the nature of the fiscal environment for cross-border NPO activities. One of the interim findings of this thesis is the conclusion that currently in the EAEU countries there is no favorable tax and legal environment for the development of NPOs' cross-border (intra-EAEU) activities. Based on the analysis of tax regimes for NPOs in the EAEU countries, and also taking into account the level of integration of the EAEU, the author concludes that only some solutions developed in the EU are applicable. Given that the Eurasian Economic Union is at its starting stage of full integration into a single market and that competencies of supranational bodies, such as the Eurasian Commission are still limited, the author recommends the following methods of harmonizing tax legislation in relation to NPOs: 1) signing of bilateral / multilateral treaties; 2) adoption of model legal acts; 3) introduction of a Model Statute of NPOs and other methods; with the possibility of future use of more advanced solutions drawn from European practice.
GRANDI, Ciro
GRANDI, Ciro
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478792
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