Hybrid energy plants may be a solution to overcome the limitations of a single source of energy, both based on renewable and non-renewable energy sources. A hybrid energy plant consists in a combination of two or more energy conversion systems which use different energy sources, that, when integrated, overcome the respective limitations. Several energy systems could be integrated in a hybrid energy plant depending on the availability of their primary energy resources. Hybrid energy plants have the potential to provide higher quality and better reliability of energy supply compared to a system based on a single source of energy. The promising energy and environmental benefits of hybrid energy plants for building applications are greatly dependent upon their design and operation strategy. In other words, the key factors for the achievement of an as high as possible primary energy saving and greenhouse gas emission reduction are the correct sizing and operation of the hybrid energy plant. Moreover, the optimization process of a hybrid energy plant must be based on the efficient match between building energy demand and supply. The optimal design of hybrid energy plants is commonly achieved by accounting for their environmental impacts during their useful life. However, this common approach, which only accounts for on-site environmental impacts, costs or primary energy consumption, may lead to burden shifting by ignoring the upstream life cycle of the hybrid energy plant. Given the complexity to deal with the number of variables involved, the multiple sources of energy that can be used, the choice of energy converters, the integration of life cycle assessment in system’s design and operation, procedures ad guidelines are needed for the solution of such complex problem, i.e. the optimization of hybrid energy plants in order to achieve an optimal result in term of primary energy saving and consequently environmental impacts reduction over the life cycle of the plant. For these reasons, the work of this thesis focuses on the development of original methods and procedures for the optimization of hybrid energy plants by accounting for the on-site and off-site energy consumption or environmental impacts calculated throughout the various stages of the life cycle of the energy plant. This work provides a new dynamic programming based optimization method to solve the optimization problem of hybrid energy plants by minimizing the on-site primary consumption. The proposed methodology extends the use of the dynamic programming method and attempts to apply it to solve both the sizing and operating optimization problems. Moreover, the presented method is fast, easy to implement and also addresses the nonlinearity associated with the characteristics of a hybrid energy plant. In addition, this work, investigates the life cycle assessment of renewable and non-renewable energy systems which can be employed for residential applications. For each system a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment is carried out. The considered impact parameter is the cumulative energy demand. Furthermore, the problem of life cycle inventory scaling is addressed and appropriate scaling factors and their relevance for calculating environmental impacts are presented. The scaling procedure used in this work allows to obtain impact curves which can be used for optimization purposes. Finally, a general procedure for the integration of life cycle assessment into system’s design and optimization is developed. A case study consisting of a hybrid energy plant, which is composed of renewable and non-renewable energy systems, is considered to demonstrate the proposed approach. The optimization is carried out by taking into account the non-linear life cycle inventory scaling of energy systems and is conducted with the aim of minimizing the primary energy consumed during the manufacturing, transportation and operation phases.

Un impianto energetico ibrido consiste in una combinazione di diversi sistemi energetici alimentati da diversi fonti energetiche, i quali quando vengono integrati, consistono di superare i limiti dei singoli sistemi. Diversi sistemi energetici possono essere integrati in un unico impianto ibrido a seconda della disponibilità delle diverse fonti energetiche. Diversi studi presenti in letteratura affermano che gli impianti energetici ibridi hanno la potenzialità di fornire energia con migliore qualità ed affidabilità rispetto ad un sistema alimentato da una singola fonte energetica. I benefici energetici ed ambientali degli impianti energetici ibridi destinati ad uso civile sono legati al dimensionamento e controllo di questi sistemi. In altre parole, i fattori fondamentali per un risparmio di energia e per la riduzione delle emissioni sono il dimensionamento ed il controllo ottimizzati dei vari sistemi che compongo l’impianto energetico ibrido. Inoltre, l’ottimizzazione di un impianto energetico ibrido deve basarsi sulla corrispondenza tra l’energia prodotta dai vari sistemi e la richiesta energetica dell’edificio. L’ottimizzazione degli impianti energetici ibridi viene solitamente condotta considerando gli impatti ambientali durante la vita utile. Tuttavia, questo approccio, che tiene conto solo dell’impatto ambientale, del costo o del consumo di energia primaria legato al funzionamento dell’impianto, può far sì che gli impatti ambientali legati alle altre fasi del ciclo di vita (i.e. la fase di costruzione e di smaltimento) non vengono presi in considerazione. Data la complessità legata al numero di variabili coinvolte, il fatto che le fonti di energia disponibili sono molteplici, la scelta dei sistemi di conversione dell’energia e l’integrazione del ciclo di vita in processi di ottimizzazione, la soluzione di tale problema richiede la disponibilità dei metodi e delle linee guida per l’ottimizzazione degli impianti energetici ibridi al fine di ottenere un risultato ottimale in termini di risparmio energetico e di conseguenza riduzione dell’impatto ambientale durante il ciclo di vita dell’impianto. Perciò, il lavoro di questa tesi di dottorato si concentra sullo sviluppo dei metodi e delle linee guida per l’ottimizzazione di impianti energetici ibridi minimizzando l’energia primaria consumata durante il ciclo di vita dell’impianto. Questo lavoro presenta un nuovo metodo, basato sulle tecniche di programmazione dinamica, per l’ottimizzazione di impianti energetici ibridi minimizzando il consumo di energia primaria durante il funzionamento. La metodologia sviluppata in questo lavoro estende l’uso del metodo di programmazione dinamica per risolvere dei problemi legati al dimensionamento e controllo ottimizzati di impianti complessi. Questo metodo è veloce, facile da implementare e tiene conto anche della non-linearità dei sistemi ibridi. Inoltre, questo lavoro affronta la valutazione del ciclo di vita di sistemi alimentati da fonti rinnovabili e non-rinnovabili destinati ad uso residenziale mediante un approccio “cradle-to-gate” applicato ai vari sistemi energetici. Inoltre, si affronta il problema del calcolo dell’inventario dei vari sistemi per diverse taglie e si illustrano i vari coefficienti usati per il calcolo dell’inventario in funzione della taglia. La procedura sviluppata consente di ottenere delle curve di impatto che possono essere usate per l’ottimizzazione dei sistemi energetici. Infine, viene sviluppata una metodologia per l’integrazione dell’analisi del ciclo di vita nel processo di ottimizzazione di impianti energetici ibridi. La metodologia viene applicata ad un caso studio, che consiste in un impianto energetico ibrido costituito da sistemi alimentati da energia rinnovabile e non-rinnovabile. L’ottimizzazione viene condotta minimizzando il consumo di energia primaria durante la fase di costruzione, trasporto e funzionamento dell’impianto.

Optimization of hybrid energy plants by accounting for life cycle energy demand

BAHLAWAN, Hilal
2019

Abstract

Hybrid energy plants may be a solution to overcome the limitations of a single source of energy, both based on renewable and non-renewable energy sources. A hybrid energy plant consists in a combination of two or more energy conversion systems which use different energy sources, that, when integrated, overcome the respective limitations. Several energy systems could be integrated in a hybrid energy plant depending on the availability of their primary energy resources. Hybrid energy plants have the potential to provide higher quality and better reliability of energy supply compared to a system based on a single source of energy. The promising energy and environmental benefits of hybrid energy plants for building applications are greatly dependent upon their design and operation strategy. In other words, the key factors for the achievement of an as high as possible primary energy saving and greenhouse gas emission reduction are the correct sizing and operation of the hybrid energy plant. Moreover, the optimization process of a hybrid energy plant must be based on the efficient match between building energy demand and supply. The optimal design of hybrid energy plants is commonly achieved by accounting for their environmental impacts during their useful life. However, this common approach, which only accounts for on-site environmental impacts, costs or primary energy consumption, may lead to burden shifting by ignoring the upstream life cycle of the hybrid energy plant. Given the complexity to deal with the number of variables involved, the multiple sources of energy that can be used, the choice of energy converters, the integration of life cycle assessment in system’s design and operation, procedures ad guidelines are needed for the solution of such complex problem, i.e. the optimization of hybrid energy plants in order to achieve an optimal result in term of primary energy saving and consequently environmental impacts reduction over the life cycle of the plant. For these reasons, the work of this thesis focuses on the development of original methods and procedures for the optimization of hybrid energy plants by accounting for the on-site and off-site energy consumption or environmental impacts calculated throughout the various stages of the life cycle of the energy plant. This work provides a new dynamic programming based optimization method to solve the optimization problem of hybrid energy plants by minimizing the on-site primary consumption. The proposed methodology extends the use of the dynamic programming method and attempts to apply it to solve both the sizing and operating optimization problems. Moreover, the presented method is fast, easy to implement and also addresses the nonlinearity associated with the characteristics of a hybrid energy plant. In addition, this work, investigates the life cycle assessment of renewable and non-renewable energy systems which can be employed for residential applications. For each system a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment is carried out. The considered impact parameter is the cumulative energy demand. Furthermore, the problem of life cycle inventory scaling is addressed and appropriate scaling factors and their relevance for calculating environmental impacts are presented. The scaling procedure used in this work allows to obtain impact curves which can be used for optimization purposes. Finally, a general procedure for the integration of life cycle assessment into system’s design and optimization is developed. A case study consisting of a hybrid energy plant, which is composed of renewable and non-renewable energy systems, is considered to demonstrate the proposed approach. The optimization is carried out by taking into account the non-linear life cycle inventory scaling of energy systems and is conducted with the aim of minimizing the primary energy consumed during the manufacturing, transportation and operation phases.
VENTURINI, Mauro
SPINA, Pier Ruggero
TRILLO, Stefano
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
Thesis_PhD_Bahlawan.pdf

Open Access dal 04/04/2020

Descrizione: Tesi dottorato Bahlawan
Tipologia: Tesi di dottorato
Dimensione 2.79 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
2.79 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri

I documenti in SFERA sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478783
 Attenzione

Attenzione! I dati visualizzati non sono stati sottoposti a validazione da parte dell'ateneo

Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? ND
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
social impact