MiRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNA of about 19-23 nucleotides in length able to act as regulators of gene expression thanks to their ability to bind the 3’UTR which results in inhibition of translation or in mRNA degradation. Due to their short sequence, they can bind more than one transcript, so they may be involved in more than one biological pathway. Since their first identification in 1993, they have been associated to a long list of physiological or pathological conditions. The dysregulation of miRNA profile may be associated to several diseases, so therapies based on the restore of physiological miRNA levels may have huge impact on several pathologies, for this reason molecules able to both increase or decrease miRNA levels have been recently developed. Through miRNAs levels regulation is possible to indirectly regulate their targets levels. This evidence was investigated in this thesis to reduce levels of BCL11A, one of the principal repressor of γ-globin gene. The following key results: a) miR-210 interaction with BCL11A coding region was demonstrated with SPR-based analysis, b) the increase of miR-210 intracellular levels leads to a decrease of BCL11A transcript and protein, encouraged us to consider the employment of miR-210 mimicking molecules as possible therapeutic approach to reduce BCL11A expression in the field of β-thalassemia treatment. Modulation of miRNAs levels into cells can be achieve with different kinds of molecules and most of them generally require an appropriate vehicle. At this propose we investigated with encouraging results a calixarene-based structure compound called ML122, previously used for DNA delivery, to vehicle miRNA-based molecules and PNAs. a) High transfection efficiency, associated with b) evident biological effects obtained when both premiRNA molecules and PNAs are vehicled with ML122, allow us to consider ML122 as a possible alternative to commercial available transfection agents. MiRNAs are present not only into cells but as demonstrated by Chim and colleagues they were found also in several body fluids, including plasma, in which have been demonstrated to be very stable. Several groups employed circulating miRNAs at diagnostic or prognostic propose opening a new important issue in the field of the non-invasive diagnostic techniques. In the present thesis we employed the non-invasive diagnostic technique in two different fields. First, we considered circulating miRNA in colorectal cancer diagnosis and management. In this section, three important massages were obtained a) miRNA are normally released by cells, the release pattern is different in each cell line and often differs from the miRNA pattern into cells, b) a comparison between two different techniques, RTqPCR and ddPCR, demonstrates how the two techniques gave comparable results, even if ddPCR for technical issue is more suitable for miRNA quantification in plasma samples, c) analysis of the three selected miRNAs in CRC patients and healthy controls demonstrates how additional miRNAs (at 6 or 7 miRNAs) are needed to identify patterns associated to CRC patients. The analysis of cmiRNAs was also, not applied to a health problem but to identify an illicit practice in sport such as autologous blood transfusion. The analysis of a limited number of samples using a high-throughput miRNA analysis method, i.e. microarray, allow us to identify two different list of miRNAs possible biomarkers for the detection of ABT: (a) a list of 8 miRNAs which modulation may be related to different oxygen availability immediately after the two key steps of ABT practice i.e. blood withdrawal and blood reinfusion. Moreover, a second list (b) was obtained considering all expressed miRNAs in our plasma samples. Despite the number of analysed samples is limited (6 ABT trained subjects and 3 control pools) preliminary encouraging data were obtained, which of course need to be confirmed increasing the samples size.

I miRNA sono una classe di RNA non codificanti in grado di regolare l’espressione genica attraverso l’interazione con la regione 3’UTR del trascritto bersaglio, portando all’inibizione della traduzione o alla degradazione del mRNA bersaglio. A causa della loro breve sequenza (19-25 nucleotidi), i miR sono in grado di riconoscere regioni bersaglio in più trascritti, risultando, coinvolti in più di un processo molecolare. Diverse patologie sono state associate alla disregolazione del profilo di espressione di miR, negli anni sono state quindi elaborate diverse strategie terapeutiche allo scopo di ripristinare i livelli fisiologici di miR. Molecole in grado di mimare la funzione del miR-210 sono state impiegate nella presente tesi allo scopo di ridurre l’espressione del fattore di trascrizione BCL11A, uno dei principali repressori del gene γ-globinico. Lo studio ha permesso di ottenere due risultati chiave: a) miR-210 riconosce una sequenza presente nella regione codificante del trascritto BCL11A, b) l’incremento dei livelli intracellulari di miR-210 sono associati al decremento di trascritto e proteina BCL11A. I dati suggeriscono che l’impiego di molecole in grado di mimare la funzione di miR-210 possono essere impiegate nel trattamento della β-talassemia. Le molecole in grado di modulare i livelli intracellulari di miR richiedono un veicolo per essere internalizzate dalle cellule. Nella presente tesi è stata valutata una molecola a struttura calixarenica (ML122) e precedentemente impiegata per la trasfezione di DNA. ML122 è stato testato, sia per la veicolazione di molecole elettricamente cariche (antimiRNA e premiRNA), sia per molecole elettricamente neutre (PNA). I dati hanno dimostrato a) un’elevata efficienza di internalizzazione cellulare delle molecole veicolate da ML122, associata a b) evidenti effetti biologici delle molecole veicolate, che una volta internalizzate, sono rilasciate dal complesso formato con ML122 e svolgono il loro ruolo biologico. Come dimostrato da Chim nel 2008 i miR sono presenti in diversi fluidi biologici, tra cui il plasma, dove risultano particolarmente stabili, rendendoli ottimi marcatori nell’ambito della diagnostica non invasiva. Partendo da questo assunto i cmiRNA sono stati impiegati come marcatori diagnostici in due differenti ambiti. Nella prima parte i miR sono stati impiegati come marcatori per la diagnosi di carcinoma del colon-retto giungendo alle seguenti conclusioni: a) i miR sono fisiologicamente rilasciati dalle cellule e ogni linea cellulare presenta un proprio profilo di ‘secrezione’ che risulta indipendente dalle concentrazioni intracellulari di miR, b) la comparazione di due diverse metodiche PCR per la quantificazione di miRNA (RTqPCR e ddPCR) ha dimostrato risultati comparabili, nonostante la ddPCR risulti maggiormente performante, specialmente in campioni molto diluiti c) l’analisi di 3 miR selezionati sulla base di analisi riportate in letteratura, in pazienti affetti da CRC e donatori sani ha dimostrato diversi limiti derivanti dall’impiego di un numero limitato di miR suggerendo la necessità di considerare panelli più ampi di miR. L’analisi di miRNA circolanti è stata inoltre applicata al campo dell’identificazioni di frodi sportive, in particolar modo i miR sono stati proposti come marcatori di autoemotrasfusione. L’analisi di un numero seppur limitato di campioni, con metodica microarray ha permesso di identificare due diverse liste di miR candidati marcatori di autoemotrasfusione. Partendo dall’assunto che durante i 2 processi chiave dell’ABT: prelievo del sangue e reinfusione, generano un’alterazione dei livelli di ossigeno, è stata stilata una prima lista di 8 miR, la cui espressione risulta modulata in risposta alla variazione dei livelli di ossigeno. Traendo vantaggio dai dati di microarray è stata inoltre, proposta una seconda lista di miR, la cui espressione è modulata in seguito alla reinfusione.

Novel trands in microRNA based theranostics

GASPARELLO, Jessica
2018

Abstract

MiRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNA of about 19-23 nucleotides in length able to act as regulators of gene expression thanks to their ability to bind the 3’UTR which results in inhibition of translation or in mRNA degradation. Due to their short sequence, they can bind more than one transcript, so they may be involved in more than one biological pathway. Since their first identification in 1993, they have been associated to a long list of physiological or pathological conditions. The dysregulation of miRNA profile may be associated to several diseases, so therapies based on the restore of physiological miRNA levels may have huge impact on several pathologies, for this reason molecules able to both increase or decrease miRNA levels have been recently developed. Through miRNAs levels regulation is possible to indirectly regulate their targets levels. This evidence was investigated in this thesis to reduce levels of BCL11A, one of the principal repressor of γ-globin gene. The following key results: a) miR-210 interaction with BCL11A coding region was demonstrated with SPR-based analysis, b) the increase of miR-210 intracellular levels leads to a decrease of BCL11A transcript and protein, encouraged us to consider the employment of miR-210 mimicking molecules as possible therapeutic approach to reduce BCL11A expression in the field of β-thalassemia treatment. Modulation of miRNAs levels into cells can be achieve with different kinds of molecules and most of them generally require an appropriate vehicle. At this propose we investigated with encouraging results a calixarene-based structure compound called ML122, previously used for DNA delivery, to vehicle miRNA-based molecules and PNAs. a) High transfection efficiency, associated with b) evident biological effects obtained when both premiRNA molecules and PNAs are vehicled with ML122, allow us to consider ML122 as a possible alternative to commercial available transfection agents. MiRNAs are present not only into cells but as demonstrated by Chim and colleagues they were found also in several body fluids, including plasma, in which have been demonstrated to be very stable. Several groups employed circulating miRNAs at diagnostic or prognostic propose opening a new important issue in the field of the non-invasive diagnostic techniques. In the present thesis we employed the non-invasive diagnostic technique in two different fields. First, we considered circulating miRNA in colorectal cancer diagnosis and management. In this section, three important massages were obtained a) miRNA are normally released by cells, the release pattern is different in each cell line and often differs from the miRNA pattern into cells, b) a comparison between two different techniques, RTqPCR and ddPCR, demonstrates how the two techniques gave comparable results, even if ddPCR for technical issue is more suitable for miRNA quantification in plasma samples, c) analysis of the three selected miRNAs in CRC patients and healthy controls demonstrates how additional miRNAs (at 6 or 7 miRNAs) are needed to identify patterns associated to CRC patients. The analysis of cmiRNAs was also, not applied to a health problem but to identify an illicit practice in sport such as autologous blood transfusion. The analysis of a limited number of samples using a high-throughput miRNA analysis method, i.e. microarray, allow us to identify two different list of miRNAs possible biomarkers for the detection of ABT: (a) a list of 8 miRNAs which modulation may be related to different oxygen availability immediately after the two key steps of ABT practice i.e. blood withdrawal and blood reinfusion. Moreover, a second list (b) was obtained considering all expressed miRNAs in our plasma samples. Despite the number of analysed samples is limited (6 ABT trained subjects and 3 control pools) preliminary encouraging data were obtained, which of course need to be confirmed increasing the samples size.
GAMBARI, Roberto
FINOTTI, Alessia
PINTON, Paolo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478767
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